Organs are body structures composed of several different tissues that form structural and functional unit(figure 49.4). One example is the heart, which contains cardiac muscle. connective tissue, and epithelial tissue and is laced with that helps reg ulate the heartbeat. An organ system is a group of organs that function to- gether to carry out the major activities of the body. For example, the diges- tive system is composed of the diges tive tract, liver, gallbladder, and pan creas. These organs cooperate in the digestion of food and the absorpti of digestion products into the body The vertebrate body contains 11 prin- cipal organ systems(table 49.1 and Cardiac muscle cell The bodies of humans and other mammals contain a cavity divided Organ system Tissue Cell by the diaphragm into thoracic and abdominal cavities. The body s cells FIGURE 49.4 are organized into tissues, which vels of organization within the body. Similar cell types operate together and form are, in turn, organized into organs tissues. Tissues functioning together form organs. Several organs working together to carry out a function for the body are called an organ system. The circulatory system is an example of an organ system. Table 49.1 The Major Vertebrate Organ Systems Detailed System Functions Components Treatment Circulatory Transports cells, respiratory gases, and Heart, blood vessels, lymph, and lymph Ch chemical compounds throughout the body structures Digestive Captures soluble nutrients from ingested louth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, and Chapter 51 pancreas Endocrine Coordinates and integrates the activities of Pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, and other ductless Chapter 56 Integumentary Covers and protects the body Skin, hair, nails, scales, feathers, and sweat glands Chapter 57 Lymphatic/ Vessels transport extracellular fluid and Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, Chapter 57 fat to circulatory system; lymph nodes tonsils, spl and lymphatic organs provide defenses to microbial infection and cancer Muscular Produces body movement Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth Chapter 50 muscle Nervous Receives stimuli, integrates information Nerves, sense organs, brain, and spinal cord Chapters 54,55 and directs the body Reproductive Carries out reproduction Testes, ovaries, and associated reproductive Chapter 59 structures Respiratory Captures oxygen and exchanges gases Lungs, trachea, gills, and other air passageways Chapter 53 Skeletal Protects the body and provides support for Bones, cartilage, and ligaments Ur Removes metabolic wastes from the Kidney, bladder, and associated ducts Chapter 58 Chapter 49 Organization of the Animal Body 985Organs and Organ Systems Organs are body structures composed of several different tissues that form a structural and functional unit (figure 49.4). One example is the heart, which contains cardiac muscle, connective tissue, and epithelial tissue and is laced with nerve tissue that helps reg￾ulate the heartbeat. An organ system is a group of organs that function to￾gether to carry out the major activities of the body. For example, the diges￾tive system is composed of the diges￾tive tract, liver, gallbladder, and pan￾creas. These organs cooperate in the digestion of food and the absorption of digestion products into the body. The vertebrate body contains 11 prin￾cipal organ systems (table 49.1 and figure 49.5). The bodies of humans and other mammals contain a cavity divided by the diaphragm into thoracic and abdominal cavities. The body’s cells are organized into tissues, which are, in turn, organized into organs and organ systems. Chapter 49 Organization of the Animal Body 985 Table 49.1 The Major Vertebrate Organ Systems Detailed System Functions Components Treatment Circulatory Digestive Endocrine Integumentary Lymphatic/ Immune Muscular Nervous Reproductive Respiratory Skeletal Urinary Transports cells, respiratory gases, and chemical compounds throughout the body Captures soluble nutrients from ingested food Coordinates and integrates the activities of the body Covers and protects the body Vessels transport extracellular fluid and fat to circulatory system; lymph nodes and lymphatic organs provide defenses to microbial infection and cancer Produces body movement Receives stimuli, integrates information, and directs the body Carries out reproduction Captures oxygen and exchanges gases Protects the body and provides support for locomotion and movement Removes metabolic wastes from the bloodstream Heart, blood vessels, lymph, and lymph structures Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas Pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, and other ductless glands Skin, hair, nails, scales, feathers, and sweat glands Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, tonsils, spleen Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle Nerves, sense organs, brain, and spinal cord Testes, ovaries, and associated reproductive structures Lungs, trachea, gills, and other air passageways Bones, cartilage, and ligaments Kidney, bladder, and associated ducts Chapter 52 Chapter 51 Chapter 56 Chapter 57 Chapter 57 Chapter 50 Chapters 54, 55 Chapter 59 Chapter 53 Chapter 50 Chapter 58 Circulatory system Heart Cardiac muscle Cardiac muscle cell Organ system Organ Tissue Cell FIGURE 49.4 Levels of organization within the body. Similar cell types operate together and form tissues. Tissues functioning together form organs. Several organs working together to carry out a function for the body are called an organ system. The circulatory system is an example of an organ system