376 WORLD POLITICS societies become fairly modernized.This does not mean,as Friedrich has argued,that "foreign and domestic policy in developed Western systems constitutes today a seamless web."Distinctions along the analytic lines I have suggested above still obtain,and governments still formulate policies with a predominant extcrnal or internal orientation. But foreign and other policies formulated under modern conditions affect each other in ways that are not salient in nonmodernized or pre- modernized socicties and that derive from both the domestic and inter- national interdependencies associated with modernization.They also derive from the increased scope of governmental activities under mod- ern conditions.Before the Western socictics became highly modernized, for cxample,the major part of government expenditures was devoted to foreign affairs,which was the central concern of government.As the role of the government in the economy and in domestic social life increascs,conccrn for foreign affairs must decrease relative to concern for domestic affairs.In addition,as a result of growing international interdependencics,the external and internal consequences of domestic and foreign policies become more significant,and consequences that are not intended and that may or may not be recognized tend also to increase.Therefore,undesirable policy-conscquenccs also increase. This is true,for examplc,in terms of allocations of resources,regard- less of the multiplicr effect. One example of the growing interdependencc of foreign and do- mestic affairs in all modcrnized societies is related to the emphasis on a favorable balance of payments position.A requisite of favorable trade and services balance may be the restraint of domestic economic growth and the maintenance of economic stability at home in order to prevent domestic prices (and wages)from rising.At the same time, domestic growth is required to meet demands for raised living stand- ards.But,in order to foster growth and meet demands for increased wages,a favorable balance of trade may have to be sacrificed. The linkages between domestic and foreign policies constitute the basic characteristic of the breakdown in the distinction between foreign and domestic affairs in the modernized,interdependent international system.This statement does not imply that foreign and domestic poli- cies are indistinguishable;for with regard to articulated goals and problems of implementation,they remain separate.Rather,it is sug- gestive of the ways in which foreign policies are transformed by the Carl J.Friedrich,"Intranational Politics and Foreign Policy in Developed (Western) Societies,"in R.Barry Farrell,ed.,Approaches to Comparative and International Poli- ticr(Evanston Ig的6)，g7. See Russett and others,World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators,308-309