版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 4 The direction of spontaneous change 4.1 The dispersal of energy 4.2 Entropy 4.3 Entropy changes accompanying specific processes 4.4 The Third Law of thermodynamics 4.5 Reaching very low temperatures Concentrating on the system 4.6 The Helmholtz and Gibbs energies 4.7 Standard molar Gibbs energies 4. The Second Law: the concepts版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 4 The direction of spontaneous change 4.1 The dispersal of energy 4.2 Entropy 4.3 Entropy changes accompanying specific processes 4.4 The Third Law of thermodynamics 4.5 Reaching very low temperatures Concentrating on the system 4.6 The Helmholtz and Gibbs energies 4.7 Standard molar Gibbs energies 4. The Second Law: the concepts