8 References .9 External links Principle Immunoassays rely on the ability of an antibody to recognize and bind a specific macromolecule in what might be a complex mixture of macromolecules.In immunology the particular macromolecule bound by an antibody is referred to as an antigen and the area on an antigen to which the antibody binds is called an epitope. In some cases an immunoassa y may use an antigen to detect for the presence of antibodies,which recognize that antigen,in a solution.In other words,in some immunoassays,the analyte may be an antibody rather than an antigen aothe binding of an antibody tosnin the other key featre of al mmnssays isa mean ea m signal in response to modern imp because they either emit radiation,produce a color change in a solution,fluoresce under light,or because they can be induced to emit light. History Rosalyn Sussman Yalow and Solomon Berson are credited with the development of the first immunoassays in the 1950s.Yalow v merican woman to have won the wde for her work in immunoassays n 1 becoming the second d accept the Nob r e红c In 1983 Professor Anthony Campbell4]at Cardiff University replaced radioactive iodine used in immunoassay with an acridinium ester that makes its own light:chemiluminescence.This type of immunoassay is now used proteins,pathogens and other molecules in blood samples 2203筒mdUS5s17ono0wao咖pop Labels Immunoassays employ a variety of different labels to allow for detection of antibodies and antigens.Labels are typically chemically linked or conjugated to the desired antibody or antigen. Enzymes Possibly one of the most popular labels to use in immunoassays is er mes.Immunoassays which employ enzymes are referred to as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(ELISAs),or sometimes enzyme immunoassays (EIAs). Enzymes used in ELISAs include horseradish peroxidase(HRP),alkaline phosphatase(AP)or glucose oxidase These enzymes allow for detection often because they produce an observable color change in the presence of reagents.n some cases these enzymes are exposed to reagents which cause them to produce light or