出生缺陷( Birth defect):即先天性疾病 Malformation is a primary morphologic defect of an organ or body part resulting from an intrinsically abnormal developmental process(e. g. cleft lip, polydactyly) Dysplasia is a primary defect involving abnormal organization of cells into tissue(e. g, vascular malformation). Sequence is a primary defect with its secondary structural changes(e. g Pierre robin sequence, a disorderin which a primary defect in mandibular development produces a smalljaw, secondary glossoptosis, and a cleft palate Syndrome is a pattern of multiple primary malformations with a single etiology(e.g, trisomy 13 syndrome). Deformation is alteration of the form, shape, or position of a normall formed body part by mechanical forces. It usually occurs in the fetal period not in embryogenesis. It is a secondary alteration. It can be extrinsic, as in oligohydramnios(reduced amniotic fluid), or intrinsic, as in congenital myotonic dystrophy. Disruption is a morphologicaldefect of an organ, part of an organ, or a larger region of the body resulting from the extrinsic breakdown of, or interference with, an originally normal developmental process. It is a secondary malformation(e.g, secondary limb defect resulting from a vascular event).出生缺陷（Birth defect）：即先天性疾病 • Malformation is a primary morphologic defect of an organ or body part resulting from an intrinsically abnormal developmental process (e.g., cleft lip, polydactyly). • Dysplasia is a primary defect involving abnormal organization of cells into tissue (e.g., vascular malformation). • Sequence is a primary defect with its secondary structural changes (e.g., Pierre Robin sequence, a disorder in which a primary defect in mandibular development produces a small jaw, secondary glossoptosis, and a cleft palate) • Syndrome is a pattern of multiple primary malformations with a single etiology (e.g., trisomy 13 syndrome). • Deformation is alteration of the form, shape, or position of a normally formed body part by mechanical forces. It usually occurs in the fetal period, not in embryogenesis. It is a secondary alteration. It can be extrinsic, as in oligohydramnios (reduced amniotic fluid), or intrinsic, as in congenital myotonic dystrophy. • Disruption is a morphological defect of an organ, part of an organ, or a larger region of the body resulting from the extrinsic breakdown of, or interference with, an originally normal developmental process. It is a secondary malformation (e.g., secondary limb defect resulting from a vascular event)