Chapter 2 Theories of Development I. Preconventional Level lI. Conventional Level nl. Postconventional Level Rules are set down by oth- Individual adopts rules, People define own values cTs and will sometimes subor in terms of ethical princi- Stage 1: Punishment and dinate own needs to those ples they have chosen to Obedience Orientation of the group. Expectations follow Physical consequences of of family, group, or nation action determine its good seen as valuable in own ness or badness right, regardless of Stage 5: Universal Ethical immediate and obvious Principle Orientation consecuences What's right is defined by Stage 2: Instrumental decision of conscience Relativist Orientation according to self-chosen What's right is whatever Stage 3:"Good Boy-Good ethical principles. The satisfies one's own needs Girl" Orientation, Good principles are abstract and and occasionally the needs behavior is whatever ethical (such as the Golden of others. Elements of fair. pleases or helps others and Rule), not specific moral ness and reciprocity are is approved of by them prescriptions (such as the present, but they are most- One earns approval by Ten Commandments) ly interpreted in a"you being“nice.” scratch my back, I'Il scratch yours" fashion Stage 6.: Social Contract Stage4:“ Law and Order” Orientation. What's right Orientation. Right is doing is defined in terms of gen- one's duty, showing respect eral individual rights and for authority, and main- in terms of standards that taining the given social have been agreed upon by order for its own sake the whole society. In con trast to Stage 4, laws are not“ frozen”- they can be hanged for the good of SOCI lety