JOURNAL OF URBAN TECHNOLOGY 11 articulated thanks to the presence of citations,which indicate an active exchange of knowl- edge among researchers.However,moving towards the outer perimeter,the organization of the network changes completely.Source documents are disconnected or combined in groups that are small in number and detached from the main core. The Divergent Roots of Smart Cities Divergence,lack of cohesion,and limited intellectual exchange among researchers become even more evident when trying to find out a commonly accepted interpretation of smart cities,which is missing.This absence is highlighted in various source documents,such as those produced by Alkandari et al.(2012),Chourabi et al.(2012),Hollands (2008),and Paskaleva(2011).Many definitions of the smart city are provided in scholarly literature and they overlap one another,making it difficult to obtain a common understanding and agreement as to what it means.To illustrate this trend,some of these definitions snany have been extracted from the source documents and reported in Table 1. Table 1.Some definitions of smart cities extracted from the source documents SOURCE DOCUMENT DEFINITION Hall et al.(2000) "[The smart city is]the urban center of the future,made safe,secure environmentally green and efficient because all structures--whether for power,water,transportation,etc.are designed,constructed,and maintained making use of advanced,integrated materials, sensors,electronics,and networks which are interfaced with computerized systems comprised of databases,tracking,and decision-making algorithms" Odendaal (2003) "A smart city [...is one that capitalizes on the opportunities presented by Information and Communication Technology(ICT)in promoting its prosperity and influence" Partridge (2004) "A smart city is [a city that]actively embraces new technologies [seeking]to be a more open society where technology makes easier for people to have their say,gain access to services and to stay in touch with what is happening around them,simply and cheaply" Giffinger et al.(2007) "A Smart City is a city well performing in a forward-looking way in [..six characteristics [.. built on the 'smart'combination of endowments and activities of self-decisive,independent and aware citizens" Caragliu et al.(2009) "The concept of the 'smart city'has recently been introduced as a strategic device to encompass modern urban production factors in a common framework and,in particular,to highlight the importance of Information and Communication Technologies(ICTs)in the last 五 20 years for enhancing the competitive profile of a city" Paskaleva (2009) "In the context of the present study,the smart city is defined as one that takes advantages of apeojuM the opportunities offered by ICT in increasing local prosperity and competitiveness-an approach that implies integrated urban development involving multi-actor,multi-sector and multi-level perspectives" Belissent et al.(2010) "Forrester defines the smart city as [..a'city that uses information and communications technologies to make the critical infrastructure components and services of a city-- administration,education,healthcare,public safety,real estate,transportation,and utilities--more aware,interactive,and efficient" Hernandez-Munoz et al. "Smart Cities can represent an extraordinary rich ecosystem to promote the generation of (2011) massive deployments of city-scale applications and services for a large number of activity sectors" Alkandari et al.(2012) "A smart city is one that uses a smart system characterized by the interaction between infrastructure,capital,behaviours and cultures,achieved through their integration" Lazaroiu and Roscia "A new city model,called "the smart city",which represents a community of average (2012) technology size,interconnected and sustainable,comfortable,attractive and secure" Schaffers et al.(2012) "The smart city concept is multi-dimensional.It is a future scenario (what to achieve),even more it is an urban development strategy (how to achieve it).It focuses on how (Internet- related)technologies enhance the lives of citizens [..The smart city is about how people are empowered,through using technology,for contributing to urban change and realizing their ambitions.The smart city provides the conditions and resources for change.In this sense,the smart city is an urban laboratory,an urban innovation ecosystem,a living lab,an agent of change"articulated thanks to the presence of citations, which indicate an active exchange of knowl￾edge among researchers. However, moving towards the outer perimeter, the organization of the network changes completely. Source documents are disconnected or combined in groups that are small in number and detached from the main core. The Divergent Roots of Smart Cities Divergence, lack of cohesion, and limited intellectual exchange among researchers become even more evident when trying to find out a commonly accepted interpretation of smart cities, which is missing. This absence is highlighted in various source documents, such as those produced by Alkandari et al. (2012), Chourabi et al. (2012), Hollands (2008), and Paskaleva (2011). Many definitions of the smart city are provided in scholarly literature and they overlap one another, making it difficult to obtain a common understanding and agreement as to what it means. To illustrate this trend, some of these definitions have been extracted from the source documents and reported in Table 1. Table 1. Some definitions of smart cities extracted from the source documents SOURCE DOCUMENT DEFINITION Hall et al. (2000) “[The smart city is] the urban center of the future, made safe, secure environmentally green, and efficient because all structures––whether for power, water, transportation, etc. are designed, constructed, and maintained making use of advanced, integrated materials, sensors, electronics, and networks which are interfaced with computerized systems comprised of databases, tracking, and decision-making algorithms” Odendaal (2003) “A smart city […] is one that capitalizes on the opportunities presented by Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in promoting its prosperity and influence” Partridge (2004) “A smart city is [a city that] actively embraces new technologies [seeking] to be a more open society where technology makes easier for people to have their say, gain access to services and to stay in touch with what is happening around them, simply and cheaply” Giffinger et al. (2007) “A Smart City is a city well performing in a forward-looking way in […] six characteristics […], built on the ‘smart’ combination of endowments and activities of self-decisive, independent and aware citizens” Caragliu et al. (2009) “The concept of the ‘smart city’ has recently been introduced as a strategic device to encompass modern urban production factors in a common framework and, in particular, to highlight the importance of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the last 20 years for enhancing the competitive profile of a city” Paskaleva (2009) “In the context of the present study, the smart city is defined as one that takes advantages of the opportunities offered by ICT in increasing local prosperity and competitiveness––an approach that implies integrated urban development involving multi-actor, multi-sector and multi-level perspectives” Belissent et al. (2010) “Forrester defines the smart city as […] a ‘city’ that uses information and communications technologies to make the critical infrastructure components and services of a city–– administration, education, healthcare, public safety, real estate, transportation, and utilities––more aware, interactive, and efficient” Hernández-Muñoz et al. (2011) “Smart Cities can represent an extraordinary rich ecosystem to promote the generation of massive deployments of city-scale applications and services for a large number of activity sectors” Alkandari et al. (2012) “A smart city is one that uses a smart system characterized by the interaction between infrastructure, capital, behaviours and cultures, achieved through their integration” Lazaroiu and Roscia (2012) “A new city model, called “the smart city”, which represents a community of average technology size, interconnected and sustainable, comfortable, attractive and secure” Schaffers et al. (2012) “The smart city concept is multi-dimensional. It is a future scenario (what to achieve), even more it is an urban development strategy (how to achieve it). It focuses on how (Internet￾related) technologies enhance the lives of citizens […] The smart city is about how people are empowered, through using technology, for contributing to urban change and realizing their ambitions. The smart city provides the conditions and resources for change. In this sense, the smart city is an urban laboratory, an urban innovation ecosystem, a living lab, an agent of change” JOURNAL OF URBAN TECHNOLOGY 11 Downloaded by [Shanghai Jiaotong University] at 03:36 25 August 2017