Stage 1( 1970s early 1980s) a descriptive not prescriptive O focuses on the contrast of language system 口 bottom- up method a focuses on the equivalence at linguistic level a decontextualized sentences and lack of attention to communicative factors Eugene A. Nida emphasized the audience's role in his work Both in linguistics and translation Studies the focus of attention moved from the linguistic system to language use, from the individual sign to the text Text became the central factor in the translation process Scholars have paid attention to the context, discourse and pragmatic factors in translation process, but still undervalued themStage 1 (1970s & early 1980s)  descriptive not prescriptive  focuses on the contrast of language system  bottom-up method  focuses on the equivalence at linguistic level  decontextualized sentences and lack of attention to communicative factors Eugene A. Nida emphasized the audience’s role in his work. Both in linguistics and Translation Studies the focus of attention moved from the linguistic system to language use, from the individual sign to the text. Text became the central factor in the translation process. Scholars have paid attention to the context, discourse and pragmatic factors in translation process, but still undervalued them