第29卷第4期 水产学报 2005年8月 JOURNAL OF FIS HERIES OF CHI 文章编号:1000-0615(2005)04-0552-08 综述· 鱼类免疫增强剂的研究现状与进展 黄洪敏,邵健忠,项黎新 (浙江大学生命科学学院,浙江杭州310012) 关键词:鱼类;免疫增强剂;机理;应用 中图分类号:S963 文献标识码:A Current research status and progress of fish immunostimulants HUANG Hong-min, SHAO Jian-zhong, XIANG Lixin r College d Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hanghou 310012, China) Abstract: Immunostimulants are valuable for the control of fish diseases. At present, it has already been a main tendency to discover and develop novel immunostimulants with characteristics of low toxicity, high efficacy, immediate efficacy and longterm efficacy. In this review, the definition, defense mechanism, categories and application of fish immunostimulants are introduced and fis immunostimulants are classified systematically according to their sources. Moreover, the latest literature about fish immunostimulants in detail were presented and reviewed and three methods for control of fish disease were compared: vaccination, chemotherapy and immunostimulants. Fish immunostimulants were thought to be safer than chemotherapeutics and their range of efficacy was wider than vaccination. They may be able to compensate for these limitations of chemotherapeutics and vaccines, thus they hold tremendous potential for use in fish culture to reduce losses from fish diseases. Meanwhile, concepts of use of fish immunostimulants were presented and principles for use were also noted. For aquaculture, this review provided a scientific reference for control of fish disease by immunostimulants Key words: fish; immunostimulant; mechanism; application 现代水产养殖业追求优质高产,但在大规模高密度种类可分为人工合成制剂、微生物来源制剂、动植物来源 的养殖生产中,往往会导致鱼体的抗应激能力下降,病害制剂、营养因子类物质和生物活性因子类物质等五大类 增多,成活率下降,造成重大经济损失。近年来,国内外鱼类免疫增强剂主要通过增强非特异性免疫应答而发挥 学者对鱼类免疫机制及其病害防治方法已进行了大量研作用,如促进补体、溶菌酶、蛋白酶抑制剂、C-反应蛋白 究,其中免疫增强剂因能增强机体抗疾病感染的能力,其天然溶血素凝聚素φ巨球蛋白、巨噬细胞活化因子和干 免疫增强作用所需时间较短,且没有记忆成分,被认为是扰素等的合成,活化巨噬细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、非特异性 种提高鱼体免疫活性及 力的有效方法,具有细胞毒性细胞的吞噬杀菌功能。另外,免疫增强剂也能 重要的应用价值。 提高鱼体lgM抗体水平,增强鱼类特异性免疫应答水 1鱼类免疫增强剂的含义和作用机理 免疫增强剂是指一些化学物质、药物、应激原或某些 2鱼类免疫增强剂的种类 能引起特异、非特异性免疫反应活动,增强动物对病毒、2.1人工合成的免疫增强剂 细菌、真菌、寄生虫等抵抗力的物质。目前免疫增强剂的 目前,在鱼类中报道的人工合成免疫增强剂主要有 收稿日期:2004-08-16 资助项目:国家自然科学基金(30371096,30271015);浙江省自然科学基金(301307);高等学校博士学科点专项基金(2003035040) 作者简介:黄洪敏(1981-),男,浙江乐清人,硕士研究生,研究方向为鱼类分子免疫学。Eml:zjuhhml00@hotmail.com 通讯作者:邵健忠,el:0571-88273287,E-mail:Shaoji@u,edu.cn文章编号 :1000 - 0615(2005) 04 - 0552 - 08 收稿日期:2004208216 资助项目:国家自然科学基金(30371096 ,30271015) ;浙江省自然科学基金(301307) ;高等学校博士学科点专项基金(20030335040) 作者简介:黄洪敏(1981 - ) ,男 ,浙江乐清人 ,硕士研究生 ,研究方向为鱼类分子免疫学。E2mail : zjuhhm100 @hotmail . com 通讯作者: 邵健忠 , Tel : 0571 - 88273287 , E2mail : Shaojz @zju. edu. cn ·综述· 鱼类免疫增强剂的研究现状与进展 黄洪敏 , 邵健忠 , 项黎新 (浙江大学生命科学学院 ,浙江 杭州 310012) 关键词 :鱼类;免疫增强剂;机理;应用 中图分类号 :S963 文献标识码 :A Current research status and progress of fish immunostimulants HUANG Hong2min , SHAO Jian2zhong , XIANG Li2xin ( College of Life Science , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310012 , China) Abstract:Immunostimulants are valuable for the control of fish diseases. At present , it has already been a main tendency to discover and develop novel immunostimulants with characteristics of low toxicity , high efficacy , immediate efficacy and long2term efficacy. In this review , the definition , defense mechanism , categories and application of fish immunostimulants are introduced and fish immunostimulants are classified systematically according to their sources. Moreover , the latest literature about fish immunostimulants in detail were presented and reviewed and three methods for control of fish disease were compared : vaccination , chemotherapy and immunostimulants . Fish immunostimulants were thought to be safer than chemotherapeutics and their range of efficacy was wider than vaccination. They may be able to compensate for these limitations of chemotherapeutics and vaccines , thus they hold tremendous potential for use in fish culture to reduce losses from fish diseases. Meanwhile , concepts of use of fish immunostimulants were presented and principles for use were also noted. For aquaculture , this review provided a scientific reference for control of fish disease by immunostimulants. Key words: fish ; immunostimulant ; mechanism ; application 现代水产养殖业追求优质高产 ,但在大规模高密度 的养殖生产中 ,往往会导致鱼体的抗应激能力下降 ,病害 增多 ,成活率下降 ,造成重大经济损失。近年来 ,国内外 学者对鱼类免疫机制及其病害防治方法已进行了大量研 究 ,其中免疫增强剂因能增强机体抗疾病感染的能力 ,其 免疫增强作用所需时间较短 ,且没有记忆成分 ,被认为是 一种提高鱼体免疫活性及疾病抵抗力的有效方法 ,具有 重要的应用价值。 1 鱼类免疫增强剂的含义和作用机理 免疫增强剂是指一些化学物质、药物、应激原或某些 能引起特异、非特异性免疫反应活动 ,增强动物对病毒、 细菌、真菌、寄生虫等抵抗力的物质。目前免疫增强剂的 种类可分为人工合成制剂、微生物来源制剂、动植物来源 制剂、营养因子类物质和生物活性因子类物质等五大类。 鱼类免疫增强剂主要通过增强非特异性免疫应答而发挥 作用 ,如促进补体、溶菌酶、蛋白酶抑制剂、C - 反应蛋白、 天然溶血素、凝聚素、α2巨球蛋白、巨噬细胞活化因子和干 扰素等的合成 ,活化巨噬细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、非特异性 细胞毒性细胞的吞噬杀菌功能。另外 ,免疫增强剂也能 提高鱼体 IgM 抗体水平 , 增强鱼类特异性免疫应答水 平[1 ,2 ] 。 2 鱼类免疫增强剂的种类 2. 1 人工合成的免疫增强剂 目前 ,在鱼类中报道的人工合成免疫增强剂主要有 第 29 卷第 4 期 2005 年 8 月 水 产 学 报 JOURNAL OF FISHERIES OF CHINA Vol. 29 , No. 4 Aug. , 2005