Detailed Contents Structure and Bonding 1 1.1 Atomic Structure:The Nucleus 3 1.2 Atomic Structure:Orbitals4 1.3 Atomic Structure:Electron Configurations 6 14 Development of Chemical Bonding Theory 7 15 The Nature of Chemical Bonds:Valence e Bond Theory 10 1.6 spHybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Methane 12 1.7 sp3 Hybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Ethane 13 1.8 so2 Hybrid orbitals and the structure of Ethylene 14 1.9 sp Hybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Acetylene 17 11 Hybridization of Nitrogen,Oxygen,Phosphorus,and Sulfur 18 111 The Nature of Chemical Bonds:Molecular Orbital Theory 20 1.12 Drawing Chemical Structures 21 Summary 24 Lagniappe-Chemicals,Toxicity,and Risk 25 Working Problems 26 Exercises 26 Polar Covalent Bonds;Acids and Bases 3 2.1 Polar Covalent Bonds:Electronegativity 33 22 Polar Covalent Bonds:Dipole Moments 36 2.3 Formal Charges 38 24 Resonance 41 2.5 Rules for Resonance Forms 43 Drawing Resonance Forms 45 > Acids and Bases:The Bronsted-Lowry Definition 48 vi vi Structure and Bonding 1 1.1 Atomic Structure: The Nucleus 3 1.2 Atomic Structure: Orbitals 4 1.3 Atomic Structure: Electron Configurations 6 1.4 Development of Chemical Bonding Theory 7 1.5 The Nature of Chemical Bonds: Valence Bond Theory 10 1.6 sp3 Hybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Methane 12 1.7 sp3 Hybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Ethane 13 1.8 sp2 Hybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Ethylene 14 1.9 sp Hybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Acetylene 17 1.10 Hybridization of Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur 18 1.11 The Nature of Chemical Bonds: Molecular Orbital Theory 20 1.12 Drawing Chemical Structures 21 Summary 24 Lagniappe—Chemicals, Toxicity, and Risk 25 Working Problems 26 Exercises 26 Polar Covalent Bonds; Acids and Bases 33 2.1 Polar Covalent Bonds: Electronegativity 33 2.2 Polar Covalent Bonds: Dipole Moments 36 2.3 Formal Charges 38 2.4 Resonance 41 2.5 Rules for Resonance Forms 43 2.6 Drawing Resonance Forms 45 2.7 Acids and Bases: The Brønsted–Lowry Definition 48 1 2 Detailed Contents 39144_ FM_i-xxiv.indd vi 8/26/09 10:48:43 AM