solid waste management operations and sy stems, (2)to recover reusable and recyclable materials, and ()to recover conversion products and energy. The implications of waste transformation in the design of integrated solid waste management systems can be illustrated by the following example. If must be separated from the commingled MSW. If the organa at plan, the organic fraction of the MSw composting is to be an element of a solid waste managemer done at the source of generation or at a materials recovery facility? If separation of wastes is to occur at the source, what components should be separated to produce an optimum compost? Improving Efficiency of Solid Waste Management Systems. To improve the efficiency of solid waste management operations and to reduce storage volume requirements at medium- and high-rise apartment buildings, wastes are often baled. For example, waste pap recovere ed for recycling, is baled to reduce storage volume requirements and shipping costs. In some cases, waste materials are baled to reduce haul costs to the disposal site. At disposal sites, solid wastes are compacted to use the available landfill capacity effectively. If solid waste pneumatically, some form of shredding is normally required. Mechanical size reduction(shredding) has also been used to improve the efficiency of disposal sites. Hand separation ation is now considered an efficient way to remove small guantities of hazardous V, thereby making landfills safer Chemical and biological processes can be used to volume and weight of waste requiring disposal and to produce useful products Recovery of Materials for Reuse and Recycling. As a practical matter, components that are most amenable to recovery are those for which markets exist and which are present in the wastes in sufficient quantity to justify their separation. Materials most often recovered from msw include paper cardboard, plastic, garden trimmings, glass, ferrous metal, aluminum, and other nonferrous metal Recovery of Conversion Products and Energy. The organic fraction of MSw can be converted to usable products and ultimately to energy in a number of ways, including(1)combustion to produce steam and electricity;(2) pyrolysis to produce a synthetic gas, liquid or solid fuel, and solids; (3 gasification to produce a synthetic fuel;(4)biological conversion to pro oduce compost; and (5) biodigestion to generate methane and to produce a stabilized organic humus 14-914-9 solid waste management operations and systems, (2) to recover reusable and recyclable materials, and (3) to recover conversion products and energy. The implications of waste transformation in the design of integrated solid waste management systems can be illustrated by the following example. If composting is to be an element of a solid waste management plan, the organic fraction of the MSW must be separated from the commingled MSW. If the organic fraction must be separated, should it be done at the source of generation or at a materials recovery facility? If separation of wastes is to occur at the source, what components should be separated to produce an optimum compost? Improving Efficiency of Solid Waste Management Systems. To improve the efficiency of solid waste management operations and to reduce storage volume requirements at medium- and high-rise apartment buildings, wastes are often baled. For example, waste paper, recovered for recycling, is baled to reduce storage volume requirements and shipping costs. In some cases, waste materials are baled to reduce haul costs to the disposal site. At disposal sites, solid wastes are compacted to use the available landfill capacity effectively. If solid wastes are to be transported hydraulically or pneumatically, some form of shredding is normally required. Mechanical size reduction (shredding) has also been used to improve the efficiency of disposal sites. Hand separation at the point of generation is now considered an efficient way to remove small quantities of hazardous waste from MSW, thereby making landfills safer. Chemical and biological processes can be used to reduce the volume and weight of waste requiring disposal and to produce useful products. Recovery of Materials for Reuse and Recycling. As a practical matter, components that are most amenable to recovery are those for which markets exist and which are present in the wastes in sufficient quantity to justify their separation. Materials most often recovered from MSW include paper, cardboard, plastic, garden trimmings, glass, ferrous metal, aluminum, and other nonferrous metal. Recovery of Conversion Products and Energy. The organic fraction of MSW can be converted to usable products and ultimately to energy in a number of ways, including (1) combustion to produce steam and electricity; (2) pyrolysis to produce a synthetic gas, liquid or solid fuel, and solids; (3) gasification to produce a synthetic fuel; (4) biological conversion to produce compost; and (5) biodigestion to generate methane and to produce a stabilized organic humus