1.Introduction to Planning Cost implications of accounting for life-cycle costs Construction method Initial capital cost ratio Total life-cycle cost ratio Surface transit 1 1.0 Elevated transit 2.8 1.4 Cut and cover 3.7 0.5 Bored tunnel 3.2 0.4 Tunnels and tunneling,2005 百年同濟 TONGILUNIVERSITY 4 1. Introduction to Planning Cost implications of accounting for life-cycle costs Construction method Initial capital cost ratio Total life-cycle cost ratio Surface transit 1 1.0 Elevated transit 2.8 1.4 Cut and cover 3.7 0.5 Bored tunnel 3.2 0.4 From ：Tunnels and tunneling, 2005