合作与激励 协调与合作相互作用 ·合作问题的核心是激励( Incentive ·如交通问题 个人行为与社会利益的冲突 ·如密云元宵节惨剧; ·什么是个人的最优选择? ·如SARS问题,禽流感问题 ·什么是社会的最优选择? ·如恐怖主义问题 ·如何把个人行为与社会利益统一起来? 如股票市场 ·如宏观经济波动; ·等等。 社会问题及其解决办法 理解人的行为 ·社会规模:小社会,大社会,全球化 ·所有社会科学都是有关人的行为的科 技术问题 学,但不同学科的方法、假设、着眼点 社会分工 不同 ·社会制度:个人的行为规则 ·经济学:从个人到社会( from micro 正式制度;明规则,法律 非正式制度;潜规则,社会规范,文 社会学:从社会到个人 from macro to 价格制度; micro 非价格制度 ·心理学:用观察、实验的方法看人们实 际上是怎么行为的。(行为科学 Homo economicus vs Homo sociologicus Adam Smith ys. Emile durkheim The former adapts to changing circumstances, Rational. outcome-oriented: social norm always on the lookout for improvement. The latter oriented not outcome-oriented nsitive to circumstances. sticking to the escribed behavior even if new and apparently "the former is supposed to be guided by better options become available. The former is nstrumental rationality, while the behavior of the easily caricatured as self-contained, asocial atom latter is dictated by social norms. The former is and the latter as the mindless playing of soci pulled' by the prospect of future rewards forces. "(Jon Elster, 1989, JEP) quasl-inertial forces2 合作与激励 • 合作问题的核心是激励(incentive) – 个人行为与社会利益的冲突 • 什么是个人的最优选择？ • 什么是社会的最优选择？ • 如何把个人行为与社会利益统一起来？ 协调与合作相互作用 • 如交通问题； • 如密云元宵节惨剧； • 如SARS问题，禽流感问题； • 如恐怖主义问题； • 如股票市场； • 如宏观经济波动； • 等等。 社会问题及其解决办法 • 社会规模：小社会，大社会，全球化； • 技术问题： • 社会分工： • 社会制度：个人的行为规则 – 正式制度；明规则，法律 – 非正式制度；潜规则，社会规范，文化 – 价格制度； – 非价格制度。 理解人的行为 • 所有社会科学都是有关人的行为的科 学，但不同学科的方法、假设、着眼点 不同； • 经济学：从个人到社会(from micro to macro) • 社会学：从社会到个人(from macro to micro) • 心理学：用观察、实验的方法看人们实 际上是怎么行为的。（行为科学） Homo economicus vs. Homo sociologicus • Adam Smith vs. Emile Durkheim • Rational, outcome-oriented; social norm￾oriented, not outcome-oriented: • “the former is supposed to be guided by instrumental rationality, while the behavior of the latter is dictated by social norms. The former is ‘pulled’ by the prospect of future rewards, whereas the latter is ‘pushed from behind by quasi-inertial forces. Cont’ • The former adapts to changing circumstances, always on the lookout for improvement. The latter is insensitive to circumstances, sticking to the prescribed behavior even if new and apparently better options become available. The former is easily caricatured as self-contained, asocial atom, and the latter as the mindless playing of social forces.” (Jon Elster, 1989, JEP)