1, Carbohydrates are synthesized from simple precursors via gluconeogenesis A few three-carbon compounds(including lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and 3-phosphoglycerate) serve as the major precursors for carbohydrate (glucose) biosynthesis or gluconeogenesis The reactions of gluconeogenesis are essentially the same in different organisms The conversion of pyruvate to glucose is the central pathway in gluconeogenesis1. Carbohydrates are synthesized from simple precursors via gluconeogenesis • A few three-carbon compounds (including lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and 3-phosphoglycerate) serve as the major precursors for carbohydrate (glucose) biosynthesis, or gluconeogenesis. • The reactions of gluconeogenesis are essentially the same in different organisms. • The conversion of pyruvate to glucose is the central pathway in gluconeogenesis