2 Towards a functional grammar 2.1 Towards a grammatical analysis Syntagmatic/lexical( (1)a. the famous jacaranda trees of Pretoria b the mimosa trees of the bushveld the soil of this beautiful country (2)the jacaranda trees of Pretoria Delicti Post-Deictic Classifier Thi (i) Paradigmatic or grammatical /structure (2)the carand a tree of Pretoria Deictic Post-Deictic Classifier Thing Qualifie ( Paradigmatic /lexical( the lexical set) A. Semantic field collocation: tree /flower/grass, etc. grow B Word association: synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy meronymy (iv) Paradigmatic /grammatical(the grammatical system) A. The system of PERSON speake speech roles PERSON lessee B The system of NUMBER NUMBER Plural 2.2 The lexico-grammar cline 2.2 The lexico-grammar cline Lexico-grammar (stratum of wording) gra ammar lexis (closed systems, general (open sets, specific in in meaning: structure) meaning: collocation) 2. 3 Grammaticalization 23.1 Grammaticalization definition Grammaticalization is a process by which words representing objects and actions (i.e. nouns and verbs) transform through sound change and languag migration to become grammatical markers(affixes, prepositions, etc. ) It is a powerful aspect of language, as it creates new function words within language, by separating functions from their original inflectional and bound constructions (i.e. from content words B Grammaticalization and semogenesis Grammaticalization in ontogenetic time (ii) grammaticalization in phylogenetic time1 2 Towards a functional grammar 2.1 Towards a grammatical analysis (i) Syntagmatic / lexical (collocation) (1) a. the famous jacaranda trees of Pretoria b. the mimosa trees of the bushveld c. the soil of this beautiful country (2) the famous jacaranda trees of Pretoria Deictic Post-Deictic Classifier Thing Qualifier (ii) Paradigmatic or grammatical / structure (2) the famous jacaranda trees of Pretoria Deictic Post-Deictic Classifier Thing Qualifier (iii) Paradigmatic / lexical (the lexical set) A. Semantic field & collocation: tree / flower / grass, etc. + grow B. Word association: synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy & meronymy (iv) Paradigmatic / grammatical (the grammatical system) A. The system of PERSON speaker speech roles PERSON addressee other roles B. The system of NUMBER Singular NUMBER Plural 2.2 The lexico-grammar cline 2.2 The lexico-grammar cline Lexico-grammar (stratum of wording) grammar lexis (closed systems, general (open sets, specific in in meaning: structure) meaning: collocation) 2.3 Grammaticalization 2.3.1 Grammaticalization: definition Grammaticalization is a process by which words representing objects and actions (i.e. nouns and verbs) transform through sound change and language migration to become grammatical markers (affixes, prepositions, etc.). It is a powerful aspect of language, as it creates new function words within language, by separating functions from their original inflectional and bound constructions (i.e. from content words). B. Grammaticalization and semogenesis (i) Grammaticalization in ontogenetic time (ii) Grammaticalization in phylogenetic time