1。 Basic Frameworks This section provides a rough overview of international agreements of particular importance to the still-evolving international copyright framework. Because they establish rights and responsibilities regarding intellectual property(IP)that signatory countries have agreed to implement internally, later sections will refer back to them A set of international treaties establish standards for copyright protection, such as the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Rights; the Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations; the Universal Copyright Convention UCC): and-of increasing relevance--the Agreement on Trade- Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights(TRIPS).6 Recently, two other important international treaties entered into force: the World Intellectual Property Organization(WIPO) Copyright Treaty of 1996 and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms treaty of 1996. These treaties essentially reiterate the principles of the Berne Convention and the TRIPS Agreement, while adding provisions that address digital transmissions and technological protection measures To present some milestones in the evolution of the international legal framework, we begin our discussion with the Berne Convention, then present an overview of TRIPS, and finally conclude with the WiPo Treaties of 1996 Berne Convention The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works is an international copyright agreement that was adopted by an international conference in Berne, Switzerland, in 1886 The signatories of the berne Convention constitute a union for he protection of the rights of authors in their literary and artistic works, known as the"Berne Union The Berne Convention protects "literary and artistic works This expression includes a broad range of products. It covers, in essence, every production in the literary, scientific and artistic domain such as books, pamphlets and other writings; lectures, addresses. sermons and other works of the same nature: dramatic or dramatico-musical works; choreographic works and entertainments in dumb show; musical compositions with or without words; cinematographic works and those created by analogous processes; works of drawing, painting, architecture, sculpture, engraving and lithography, photographic works and The interactions among these Treaties are complex. The baseline is that each Treaty creates a separate set of obligations, often between different parties. The provisions set forth in the Treaties are sometimes complementary, and sometimes similar(the thre step-test"for exceptions, for instance, can be found in several Treaties. However, important conceptual differences(e.g, with regard to enforcement of Treaty obligations) as well as differences in the substance of law (e.g, term of protection) remain. Seehttp://www.wipoint/clea/docs/en/wo/wo001en.ht Dumb shows are performances using gestures and body movements without words. wp-1204-0003 Gartner G2. com @2004 Gartner, Inc. and The Berkman Center for Intemet Society. All rights reserved. Page 4 of 35wp-1204-0003 GartnerG2.com © 2004 Gartner, Inc. and The Berkman Center for Internet & Society. All rights reserved. Page 4 of 35 )(!* + This section provides a rough overview of international agreements of particular importance to the still-evolving international copyright framework. Because they establish rights and responsibilities regarding intellectual property (IP) that signatory countries have agreed to implement internally, later sections will refer back to them. A set of international treaties establish standards for copyright protection, such as the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Rights; the Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations; the Universal Copyright Convention (UCC); and—of increasing relevance—the Agreement on Trade￾Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). 6 Recently, two other important international treaties entered into force: the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Copyright Treaty of 1996 and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty of 1996. These treaties essentially reiterate the principles of the Berne Convention and the TRIPS Agreement, while adding provisions that address digital transmissions and technological protection measures. To present some milestones in the evolution of the international legal framework, we begin our discussion with the Berne Convention, then present an overview of TRIPS, and finally conclude with the WIPO Treaties of 1996.  ,  The Berne Convention 7 for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works is an international copyright agreement that was adopted by an international conference in Berne, Switzerland, in 1886. The signatories of the Berne Convention constitute a union for the protection of the rights of authors in their literary and artistic works, known as the “Berne Union.” The Berne Convention protects “literary and artistic works.” This expression includes a broad range of products. It covers, in essence, every production in the literary, scientific and artistic domain such as books, pamphlets and other writings; lectures, addresses, sermons and other works of the same nature; dramatic or dramatico-musical works; choreographic works and entertainments in dumb show 8 ; musical compositions with or without words; cinematographic works and those created by analogous processes; works of drawing, painting, architecture, sculpture, engraving and lithography; photographic works and 6 The interactions among these Treaties are complex. The baseline is that each Treaty creates a separate set of obligations, often between different parties. The provisions set forth in the Treaties are sometimes complementary, and sometimes similar (the “three￾step-test” for exceptions, for instance, can be found in several Treaties.) However, important conceptual differences (e.g., with regard to enforcement of Treaty obligations) as well as differences in the substance of law (e.g., term of protection) remain. 7 See http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs/en/wo/wo001en.htm. 8 Dumb shows are performances using gestures and body movements without words.