when tobacco researchers found that much of the nicotine in a cigarette wasn't released when bured but rather remained hemically bound within the tobacco leaf,they began addin substances such as ammonia to cigarette tobacco to release more nicotine.Ammonia helps keep nicotine in its basic form,which is more readily vaporised by the intense heat of the burning cigarette than the acidic form.Most cigarettes for sale in the US today contain 10 milligrams or more of nicotine.By inhaling smoke from a lighted cigarette.the average smoker takes 1 or 2 nicotne is needed to fuel addiction Research shows that manufacturers would have levels in a typical cigarette by 95%to forestall its power to addict.When a smoker puffs on a lighted cigarette,smoke,including vaporised nicotine,is drawn into the mouth The skin and lining of the mouth immediately absorb some nicotine.but the remainder flows straight down into the lungs,where it easily diffuses into the blood vessels lining the lung walls.The blood vessels cary the nicotine to the heart,which then to the brain While most of the ee a smoker seeks occur in the brain,the heart takes a hit as well.Studies have shown that a smoker's first cigarette of the day can increase his or her heart rate by 10 to 20 beats a minute.Scientists have found that a smoked substance reaches the brain more quickly than one swallowed,snorted (such as ccaine powder)or even injected.Indeed,inhaled in smoke will reach the brain hin 10 is Th ough blood ssels which branch out into capillaries within the brain.Capillaries normally carry nutrients but they readily accommodate nicotine molecules as well.Once inside the brain.nicotine.like most addictive drugs,triggers the release of chemicals associated with euphoria and pleasure. Just as it moves rapidly from the lungs into the bloodstream.nicotine also easily diffuses the spaces surrounding neu transmit nerve impulses throughout the nervous system.These 0 thoughts,feelings,and moods.To transmit nerve impulses to its neighbour,a neurone releases chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters.Like nicotine molecules,the neurotransmitters drift into the so-called synaptie space between neurones,ready to latch onto the receiving neurone and thus deliver a chemical"m The ne age"that triggersan electrical impul ters bind ceptors on th face of th channels in the cell surface through which enter ionsor charged atoms of sodum.This generate a current across the membrane of the receiving cell,which completes delivery of the "message" An accomplished mimic,nicotine competes with the neurotransmitters to bind to the receptors.It wins and,like the vanquished chemical,opens ion channels that let sodium ions into the cell.But there's a lot mor und than th riginalt a much large eads across the membra This bigger current au increased s to travel along certain neurones.With repeated smoking.the neurones adapt to this increased electrical activity. and the smoker becomes dependent on the nicotine. Ouestions 1-7 1.Although nicotine is probably the well-known chemical in cigarettes,it is not necessarily the one that changes the psyche of the smoker wh en cigarettes are smoke 2.In spite of the difficulties,according to the text more than thirty-five million people a year give up smoking. 3.It has been shown that nicotine in cigarettes can improve people's abilities to perform some actions more quickly.when tobacco researchers found that much of the nicotine in a cigarette wasn’t released when burned but rather remained chemically bound within the tobacco leaf, they began adding substances such as ammonia to cigarette tobacco to release more nicotine. Ammonia helps keep nicotine in its basic form, which is more readily vaporised by the intense heat of the burning cigarette than the acidic form. Most cigarettes for sale in the US today contain 10 milligrams or more of nicotine. By inhaling smoke from a lighted cigarette, the average smoker takes 1 or 2 milligrams of vaporised nicotine per cigarette. Today we know that only a miniscule amount of nicotine is needed to fuel addiction. Research shows that manufacturers would have to cut nicotine levels in a typical cigarette by 95% to forestall its power to addict. When a smoker puffs on a lighted cigarette, smoke, including vaporised nicotine, is drawn into the mouth. The skin and lining of the mouth immediately absorb some nicotine, but the remainder flows straight down into the lungs, where it easily diffuses into the blood vessels lining the lung walls. The blood vessels carry the nicotine to the heart, which then pumps it directly to the brain. While most of the effects a smoker seeks occur in the brain, the heart takes a hit as well. Studies have shown that a smoker’s first cigarette of the day can increase his or her heart rate by 10 to 20 beats a minute. Scientists have found that a smoked substance reaches the brain more quickly than one swallowed, snorted (such as cocaine powder) or even injected. Indeed, a nicotine molecule inhaled in smoke will reach the brain within 10 seconds. The nicotine travels through blood vessels, which branch out into capillaries within the brain. Capillaries normally carry nutrients but they readily accommodate nicotine molecules as well. Once inside the brain, nicotine, like most addictive drugs, triggers the release of chemicals associated with euphoria and pleasure. Just as it moves rapidly from the lungs into the bloodstream, nicotine also easily diffuses through capillary walls. It then migrates to the spaces surrounding neurones – ganglion cells that transmit nerve impulses throughout the nervous system. These impulses are the basis for our thoughts, feelings, and moods. To transmit nerve impulses to its neighbour, a neurone releases chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters. Like nicotine molecules, the neurotransmitters drift into the so-called synaptic space between neurones, ready to latch onto the receiving neurone and thus deliver a chemical “message” that triggers an electrical impulse. The neurotransmitters bind onto receptors on the surface of the recipient neurone. This opens channels in the cell surface through which enter ions, or charged atoms, of sodium. This generates a current across the membrane of the receiving cell, which completes delivery of the “message”. An accomplished mimic, nicotine competes with the neurotransmitters to bind to the receptors. It wins and, like the vanquished chemical, opens ion channels that let sodium ions into the cell. But there’s a lot more nicotine around than the original transmitter, so a much larger current spreads across the membrane. This bigger current causes increased electrical impulses to travel along certain neurones. With repeated smoking, the neurones adapt to this increased electrical activity, and the smoker becomes dependent on the nicotine. Questions 1 – 7 1. Although nicotine is probably the well-known chemical in cigarettes, it is not necessarily the one that changes the psyche of the smoker when cigarettes are smoked. 2. In spite of the difficulties, according to the text more than thirty-five million people a year give up smoking. 3. It has been shown that nicotine in cigarettes can improve people’s abilities to perform some actions more quickly