2.Fundamental Mechanical Properties of Materials 17 TABLE 2.1.Some mechanical properties of materials Modulus of Yield Tensile elasticity, strength, strength, Material E [GPa] oy [MPa] or [MPa] Diamond 1,000 50,000 same SiC 450 10,000 same W 406 1000 1510 Cast irons 170-190 230-1030 400-1200 Low carbon steel, 196 180-260 325-485 hot rolled Carbon steels.water- -200 260-1300 500-1800 quenched and tempered Fe 196 50 200 Cu 124 60 400 Si 107 10%Sn bronze 100 190 二 SiO2(silica glass) 94 7200 about the same Au 82 40 220 Al 69 40 200 Soda glass 69 3600 about the same Concrete 50 25* Wood to grain 9-16 33-50*;73-121+ Pb 14 11 14 Spider drag line 2.8-4.7 870-1420 Nylon 3 49-87 60-100 Wood〦to grain 0.6-1 5* 3-10*:2-8+ Rubbers 0.01-0.1 30 PVC 0.003-0.01 45 *compression;+tensile. Note:The data listed here are average values.See Chapter 3 for the di- rectionality of certain properties called anisotropy;see also Figure 2.4.) For glasses,see also Table 15.1. 0.2%)has occurred and which can be tolerated for a given ap- plication.A line parallel to the initial segment in the stress-strain curve is constructed at the distance e=0.2%.The intersect of this line with the stress-strain curve yields oo.2 [Figure 2.7(b)]. Some materials,such as rubber,deform elastically to a large extent,but cease to be linearly elastic after a strain of about 1%. Other materials(such as iron or low carbon steel)display a sharp yield point,as depicted in Figure 2.7(c).Specifically,as the stress is caused to increase to the upper yield point,no significant plas- tic deformation is encountered.From now on,however,the ma- terial will yield,concomitantly with a drop in the flow stress,(i.e., the stress at which a metal will flow)resulting in a lower yield point and plastic deformation at virtually constant stress [Figure 2.7(c)].The lower yield point is relatively well defined but fluc-2 • Fundamental Mechanical Properties of Materials 17 TABLE 2.1. Some mechanical properties of materials Modulus of Yield Tensile elasticity, strength, strength, Material E [GPa] y [MPa] T [MPa] Diamond 1,000 50,000 same SiC 450 10,000 same W 406 1000 1510 Cast irons 170–190 230–1030 400–1200 Low carbon steel, 196 180–260 325–485 hot rolled Carbon steels, water- 200 260–1300 500–1800 quenched and tempered Fe 196 50 200 Cu 124 60 400 Si 107 — — 10% Sn bronze 100 190 — SiO2 (silica glass) 94 7200 about the same Au 82 40 220 Al 69 40 200 Soda glass 69 3600 about the same Concrete 50 25* — Wood to grain 9–16 — 33–50*; 73–121 Pb 14 11 14 Spider drag line 2.8–4.7 — 870–1420 Nylon 3 49–87 60–100 Wood to grain 0.6–1 5* 3–10*; 2–8 Rubbers 0.01–0.1 — 30 PVC 0.003–0.01 45 — *compression; tensile. Note: The data listed here are average values. See Chapter 3 for the di￾rectionality of certain properties called anisotropy; see also Figure 2.4.) For glasses, see also Table 15.1. 0.2%) has occurred and which can be tolerated for a given ap￾plication. A line parallel to the initial segment in the stress–strain curve is constructed at the distance 
0.2%. The intersect of this line with the stress–strain curve yields 0.2 [Figure 2.7(b)]. Some materials, such as rubber, deform elastically to a large extent, but cease to be linearly elastic after a strain of about 1%. Other materials (such as iron or low carbon steel) display a sharp yield point, as depicted in Figure 2.7(c). Specifically, as the stress is caused to increase to the upper yield point, no significant plas￾tic deformation is encountered. From now on, however, the ma￾terial will yield, concomitantly with a drop in the flow stress, (i.e., the stress at which a metal will flow) resulting in a lower yield point and plastic deformation at virtually constant stress [Figure 2.7(c)]. The lower yield point is relatively well defined but fluc-