NOTATION Lx]foor function largest integer less than or equal to x 「x] ceiling function smallest integer greater than or equal to x {x} fractional part x-z] 1gN binary logarithm l0g2N InN natural logarithm loge N n binomial coefficient number of ways to choose k out of n items n k Stirling number of the first kind number of permutations of n elements that have k cycles Stirling number of the second kind number of ways to partition n elements into k nonempty subsets 0 golden ratio (1+√⑤)/2=1.61803… Euler's constant 57721·… Stirlings constant √2m=2.50662.· www.it-ebooks.infoN O T A T I O N ⌊x⌋ łoor function largest integer less than or equal to x ⌈x⌉ ceiling function smallest integer greater than or equal to x {x} fractional part x − ⌊x⌋ lgN binary logarithm log2N lnN natural logarithm logeN ( n k ) binomial coefficient number of ways to choose k out of n items [ n k ] Stirling number of the ŀrst kind number of permutations of n elements that have k cycles { n k } Stirling number of the second kind number of ways to partition n elements into k nonempty subsets ϕ golden ratio (1 + √ 5)/2 = 1.61803 · · · γ Euler’s constant .57721 · · · σ Stirling’s constant √ 2π = 2.50662 · · · www.it-ebooks.info