Mader: Understanding ② The McG ysiology, Fifth Edition Macro to micro presentation helps students make the connection between gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy. Correlation of Photomicrographs with line art makes it easier for students to identify specific structures Reference Figures of the human body have been dded to give students an dditional resource in the study of body structure.Mader: Understanding Human Anatomy & Physiology, Fifth Edition Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2004 Chapter 6 The Skeletal System 85 articular cartilage spongy bone (contains red bone marrow) blood vessel trabeculae medullary cavity (contains yellow bone marrow) periosteum Epiphysis Diaphysis Epiphysis Humerus Compact Bone compact bone Spongy Bone osteon lamella endosteum epiphyseal plates canaliculi b. a. osteocyte within lacuna blood vessels central canal Figure 6.2 Anatomy of a long bone. a. A long bone is encased by the periosteum except at the epiphyses, which are covered by articular cartilage. Spongy bone of the epiphyses contains red bone marrow. The diaphysis contains yellow bone marrow and is bordered by compact bone. b. The detailed anatomy of spongy bone and compact bone is shown in the enlargement, along with a blowup of an osteocyte in a lacuna. 4.2 Connective Tissue Connective tissue binds structures together, provides support and protection, fills spaces, produces blood cells, and stores fat. The body uses this stored fat for energy, insulation, and organ protection. As a rule, connective tissue cells are widely separated by an extracellular matrix composed of an organic ground substance that contains fibers and varies in consistency from solid to semifluid to fluid. Whereas the functional and physical properties of epithelial tissues are derived from its cells, connective tissue properties are largely derived from the characteristics of the matrix (Table 4.2). The fibers within the matrix are of three types. White fibers contain collagen, a substance that gives the fibers flexi￾bility and strength. Yellow fibers contain elastin, which is not as strong as collagen but is more elastic. Reticular fibers are very thin, highly branched, collagenous fibers that form delicate supporting networks. ground substance fibroblast elastic fiber collagenous fiber Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue Location: Between muscles; beneath the skin; beneath most epithelial layers Function: Binds organs together Figure 4.5 Loose (areolar) connective tissue. This tissue has a loose network of fibers. Appendix A 409 Plate 6 The torso as viewed with the heart, liver, stomach, and portions of the small and large intestines removed. (a.
artery; m.
muscle; v.
vein.) esophagus trachea left subclavian a. left subclavian v. left brachiocephalic v. arch of aorta descending aorta diaphragm spleen celiac a. pancreas left kidney inferior mesenteric a. left common iliac a. descending colon (cut) sigmoid colon ovary uterus rectus femoris m. (cut) urinary bladder symphysis pubis vastus lateralis m. vastus intermedius m. right internal jugular v. right common carotid a. superior vena cava right bronchus esophagus pleural cavity inferior vena cava adrenal gland right kidney duodenum superior mesenteric v. superior mesenteric a. ureter sartorius m. (cut) tensor fascia latae m. (cut) rectus femoris m. adductor longus m. gracilis m. pericardial cavity adductor brevis m. Macro to Micro Presentation helps students make the connection between gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy. Correlation of Photomicrographs with Line Art makes it easier for students to identify specific structures. Reference Figures of the human body have been added to give students an additional resource in the study of body structure. xvi