CHAPTER 1: ORIGINS B 12th century -ca, 1500 Romano-canonical procedure Speculum ludiciale- Durantis(13th C) Modernity -e.g. Actori incumbit probatio, etc.7 CHAPTER 1: ORIGINS B. 12th century – ca. 1500 • Romano-canonical procedure • Speculum Iudiciale – Durantis (13th c.) • Modernity – e.g. Actori incumbit probatio, etc