正在加载图片...
of the last Supper of Jesus is conveyed over and over in the tokens of his body and blood taken in forms of communion or sacrament in many Christian religions. Often, the individual forsakes food for a period in order to obtain a higher level of religious purity. Eating together is a primary means of achieving peace everywhere. Comensality implies harmony and unity. One does not eat with unequals or with whom there is social discord. On the other hand, feasts in New Guinea people"fight with food, "seeking to outdo each other in the ability to host a big feast or moka The Abominations of Leviticus: Mary Douglas has argued that prohibiting certain foods was a way of carving up the natural world into the pure and the impure, and thereby creating a model for thinking about the purity of the Divine. In fact, many Biblical prohibitions are of things that are partial, maimed, or blemished. Animals being sacrificed must not have a blemish; no one who has a physical defect may become a priest; even fields should be sown with only one kind of eed, etc. Prohibitions on food thus represent a means of creating order within the theology of the times. Certain animals served as models of the divine order Cattle and sheep were most familiar; and the law stated that these animals represented orderliness. Beasts lacking the characteristics of these animals were considered disorderly. Thus, pigs, camels and other animals were impure. Other prohibitions also have to do with species that fall outside of three main categories of animals: those that fly in the air with wings, those that swim in the water with fins and scales, and those that walk or hop on the land with four legs. A comprehensive reading is given in Leviticus and in Deuteronomy Douglas claims that the Biblical focus on order, makes the dietary rules"like signs which at every turn inspired meditation on the oneness, purity, and completeness of( thus a means of figuring out man's place within nature. To understand pollution ideas and taboos is to comprehend the cultural notions of dirt. Dirt is a"by-product of the systematic ordering and classification of matter. Thus, Douglas claims that taboos -"ideas about separating, purifying, demarcating, and punishing transgressions'-have as their primary function to impose order on an inherently untidy world Ritual and Rites of Passage In all societies people mark transitions or life stages by carrying out certain"transition rituals"or rites of passage. " These rituals often contain a religious dimension; and they usually center on critical points in a persons life birth, puberty, marriage, and death. Passage into adulthood often involves endowing a person with a new identity or social status(passing out of moran as noted for Maasai and Samburu). Death rituals are meant to transfer the non-material remains of the person to another kind of existence in a supernatural realm. Thus, at the end of thefuneral mass for Princess Diana, the clergy spoke to the spirit by declaring it to"leave this world peacefully, and to"depart "into an eternal world The word ritual, and its synonym"rites, "has been used by a variety of scholars in a variety of cooperation of individuals, directed by leaders. Rules define which individuals shoulo nized ways. Here, ritual may be considered as social action; its performance requires the org
<<向上翻页向下翻页>>
©2008-现在 cucdc.com 高等教育资讯网 版权所有