Contents vil 6.14 Conclusion and future trends 113 6.15 References 118 7 Composite nonwovens in filters:theory 120 A.MUKHOPADHYAY,National Institute of Technology Jalandhar,India 7.1 Introduction 120 7.2 Mechanisms of filtration:general 125 7.3 Mechanisms of filtration:particle capture entrapment 126 7.4 Adsorption 140 7.5 Absorption 141 7.6 Coalescing 141 7.7 Media for gel removal 144 7.8 Mechanisms of filtration:electro-filtration 146 7.9 Separation by antimicrobial media 147 7.10 Extraction 147 7.11 Key requirements for filtration media 147 7.12 Characteristics of nonwoven filters 151 7.13 Types of nonwoven filter 152 7.14 Conclusion 160 7.15 References 161 8 Composite nonwovens in filters:applications 164 A.MUKHOPADHYAY,National Institute of Technology Jalandhar,India 8.1 Introduction 164 8.2 The role of composite nonwovens in filters:combining mechanical support and durability with filtration 166 8.3 The role of composite nonwovens in filters:providing two or more layers of different filtration efficiency 181 8.4 The role of composite nonwovens in filters:combining different separation technologies/functionality into one filter medium 182 8.5 Applications of composite nonwovens 190 8.6 Applications in air/gas filtration 192 8.7 Applications in liquid filtration 198 8.8 Applications in engine filtration 200 8.9 Conclusion 204 8.10 References 204 9 Composite nonwovens in medical applications 211 S.GHOSH,Indian Institute of Technology Delhi,India 9.1 Introduction 211 9.2 Surgical gowns 212 9.3 Surgical facemasks and other clinical wearable products 213 9.4 Wipes 214Contents vii 6.14 Conclusion and future trends 113 6.15 References 118 7 Composite nonwovens in fi lters: theory 120 A. MUKHOPADHYAY, National Institute of Technology Jalandhar, India 7.1 Introduction 120 7.2 Mechanisms of fi ltration: general 125 7.3 Mechanisms of fi ltration: particle capture entrapment 126 7.4 Adsorption 140 7.5 Absorption 141 7.6 Coalescing 141 7.7 Media for gel removal 144 7.8 Mechanisms of fi ltration: electro- fi ltration 146 7.9 Separation by antimicrobial media 147 7.10 Extraction 147 7.11 Key requirements for fi ltration media 147 7.12 Characteristics of nonwoven fi lters 151 7.13 Types of nonwoven fi lter 152 7.14 Conclusion 160 7.15 References 161 8 Composite nonwovens in fi lters: applications 164 A. MUKHOPADHYAY, National Institute of Technology Jalandhar, India 8.1 Introduction 164 8.2 The role of composite nonwovens in fi lters: combining mechanical support and durability with fi ltration 166 8.3 The role of composite nonwovens in fi lters: providing two or more layers of different fi ltration effi ciency 181 8.4 The role of composite nonwovens in fi lters: combining different separation technologies/functionality into one fi lter medium 182 8.5 Applications of composite nonwovens 190 8.6 Applications in air/gas fi ltration 192 8.7 Applications in liquid fi ltration 198 8.8 Applications in engine fi ltration 200 8.9 Conclusion 204 8.10 References 204 9 Composite nonwovens in medical applications 211 S. GHOSH, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India 9.1 Introduction 211 9.2 Surgical gowns 212 9.3 Surgical facemasks and other clinical wearable products 213 9.4 Wipes 214