DNA Sequence evolution is a markov process No selection case PAA PAC Pag P Sn base at generation n P CA CT PGA PGC PGG Pgt P=P(Sm+1=j1S2=) Pta PIc PIg p d=(9a,c, 9, aT)=vector of prob's of bases at gen. n ntk Handy relations gp qDNA Sequence Evolution is a Markov Process No selection case ⎛ PAA PAC PAG PAT ⎞ PCC PCG PCT ⎟ Sn = base at generation n P = ⎜ ⎜ PCA ⎟ ⎜ PGA PGC PGG PGT ⎟ ⎟ Pij = P (S = j |Sn = i ) ⎝⎜ PTA PTC PTG PTT ⎠ n +1 G q n = ( q A , qC ,q , q T G ) = vector of prob’s of bases at gen. n Handy relations: G q n + 1 G q P n = G q n +k = G q n Pk