13.The Socialist Challenge War and jingoism might postpone,but could not fully suppress,the class anger that came from the realities of ordinary life.As the twentieth century opened,that anger reemerged. Emma Goldman,the anarchist and feminist,whose political consciousness was shaped by factory work,the Haymarket executions,the Homestead strike,the long prison term of her lover and comrade,Alexander Berkman,the depression of the 1890s,the strike struggles of New York,her own imprisonment on Blackwell's Island,spoke at a meeting some years after the Spanish-American war: How our hearts burned with indignation against the atrocious Spaniards!...But when the smoke was over,the dead buried,and the cost of the war came back to the people in an increase in the price of commodities and rent-that is,when we sobered up from our patriotic spree-it suddenly dawned on us that the cause of the Spanish-American war was the price of sugar....that the lives,blood,and money of the American people were used to protect the interests of the American capitalists. Mark Twain was neither an anarchist nor a radical.By9 at sixty-live,he was a world-acclaimed writer of funny-serious-American-to-the bone stories.He watched the United States and other Western countries go about the world and wrote in the New York Herald as the century began:"I bring you the stately matron named Christendom, returning bedraggled,besmirched,and dishonored from pirate raids in Kiao-Chou, Manchuria,South Africa,and the Philippines,wih her soul full of meanness,her pocket full of boodle,and her mouth full of pious ypocrisies." There were writers of the early twentieth century who spoke for socialism or criticized the capitalist system harshly ot obscure pamphleteers,but among the most famous of American literary figures,whose books were read by millions:Upton Sinclair, Jack London,Theodore Dreiser Fank Norris. Upton Sinclair's novel The Jungle,published in 1906,brought the conditions in the meatpacking plants of Chigage to the shocked attention of the whole country,and stimulated demand for laws regulating the meat industry.But also,through the story of an immigrant laborer,Jurgis Rudkus,it spoke of socialism,of how beautiful life might be if people cooperatively owned and worked and shared the riches of the earth.The Jungle was first published in the Socialist newspaper Appeal to Reason;it was then read by millions as a hook,and was translated into seventeen languages. One of the influences on Upton Sinclair's thinking was a book,People of the Abyss, by Jack London.London was a member of the Socialist party.He had come out of the slums of San Francisco,the child of an unwed mother.He had been a newsboy,a cannery worker,a sailor,a fisherman,had worked in a jute mill and a laundry,hoboed the railroads to the East Coast,been clubbed by a policeman on the streets of New York and arrested for vagrancy in Niagara Falls,watched men beaten and tortured in jail,pirated oysters in San Francisco Bay,read Flaubert,Tolstoy,Melville,and the Communist Manifesto,preached socialism in the Alaskan gold camps in the winter of 1896,sailed 2,000 miles back through the Bering Sea,and became a world-famous writer of adventure books.In 1906,he wrote his novel The Iron Heel,with its warning of a fascist13. The Socialist Challenge War and jingoism might postpone, but could not fully suppress, the class anger that came from the realities of ordinary life. As the twentieth century opened, that anger reemerged. Emma Goldman, the anarchist and feminist, whose political consciousness was shaped by factory work, the Haymarket executions, the Homestead strike, the long prison term of her lover and comrade, Alexander Berkman, the depression of the 1890s, the strike struggles of New York, her own imprisonment on Blackwell's Island, spoke at a meeting some years after the Spanish-American war: How our hearts burned with indignation against the atrocious Spaniards! .. . But when the smoke was over, the dead buried, and the cost of the war came back to the people in an increase in the price of commodities and rent-that is, when we sobered up from our patriotic spree-it suddenly dawned on us that the cause of the Spanish-American war was the price of sugar. . .. that the lives, blood, and money of the American people were used to protect the interests of the American capitalists. Mark Twain was neither an anarchist nor a radical. By 1900, at sixty-live, he was a world- acclaimed writer of funny-serious-American-to-the-bone stories. He watched the United States and other Western countries go about the world and wrote in the New York Herald as the century began: "I bring you the stately matron named Christendom, returning bedraggled, besmirched, and dishonored from pirate raids in Kiao-Chou, Manchuria, South Africa, and the Philippines, with her soul full of meanness, her pocket full of boodle, and her mouth full of pious hypocrisies." There were writers of the early twentieth century who spoke for socialism or criticized the capitalist system harshly-not obscure pamphleteers, but among the most famous of American literary figures, whose books were read by millions: Upton Sinclair, Jack London, Theodore Dreiser, Frank Norris. Upton Sinclair's novel The Jungle, published in 1906, brought the conditions in the meatpacking plants of Chicago to the shocked attention of the whole country, and stimulated demand for laws regulating the meat industry. But also, through the story of an immigrant laborer, Jurgis Rudkus, it spoke of socialism, of how beautiful life might be if people cooperatively owned and worked and shared the riches of the earth. The Jungle was first published in the Socialist newspaper Appeal to Reason; it was then read by millions as a hook, and was translated into seventeen languages. One of the influences on Upton Sinclair's thinking was a book, People of the Abyss, by Jack London. London was a member of the Socialist party. He had come out of the slums of San Francisco, the child of an unwed mother. He had been a newsboy, a cannery worker, a sailor, a fisherman, had worked in a jute mill and a laundry, hoboed the railroads to the East Coast, been clubbed by a policeman on the streets of New York and arrested for vagrancy in Niagara Falls, watched men beaten and tortured in jail, pirated oysters in San Francisco Bay, read Flaubert, Tolstoy, Melville, and the Communist Manifesto, preached socialism in the Alaskan gold camps in the winter of 1896, sailed 2,000 miles back through the Bering Sea, and became a world-famous writer of adventure books. In 1906, he wrote his novel The Iron Heel, with its warning of a fascist no profit use only