Contents CHAPTER 1 MEIOSIS I 27 MEIOSIS II AND THE OUTCOMES OF MEIOSIS 31 The Science of Genetics 1 SOLVE IT How Many Chromosome Combinations in Sperm 31 The Personal Genome 1 Life Cycles of Some Model An Invitation 2 Genetic Organisms 32 Three Great Milestones in Genetics 2 SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE,BAKER'S YEAST 32 MENDEL:GENES AND THE RULES OF INHERITANCE 2 ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA,A FAST-GROWING PLANT 33 WATSON AND CRICK:THE STRUCTURE OF DNA 3 MUS MUSCULUS,THE MOUSE 34 THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT:SEQUENCING DNA PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS Counting AND CATALOGUING GENES 4 Chromosomes and Chromatids 36 DNA as the Genetic Material 6 DNA REPLICATION:PROPAGATING GENETIC INFORMATION 6 GENE EXPRESSION:USING GENETIC INFORMATION 7 MUTATION:CHANGING GENETIC INFORMATION 9 CHAPTER 3 Genetics and Evolution 10 Levels of Genetic Analysis 11 Mendelism:The Basic Principles CLASSICAL GENETICS 11 of Inheritance 40 MOLECULAR GENETICS 11 The Birth of Genetics:A Scientific Revolution 40 POPULATION GENETICS 12 Mendel's Study of Heredity 41 Genetics in the World:Applications of MENDEL'S EXPERIMENTAL ORGANISM,THE GARDEN PEA 41 Genetics to Human Endeavors 12 MONOHYBRID CROSSES:THE PRINCIPLES OF DOMINANCE AND GENETICS IN AGRICULTURE 12 SEGREGATION 42 GENETICS IN MEDICINE 14 DIHYBRID CROSSES:THE PRINCIPLE OF INDEPENDENT GENETICS IN SOCIETY 15 ASSORTMENT 44 Applications of Mendel's Principles 46 THE PUNNETT SQUARE METHOD 46 CHAPTER 2 THE FORKED-LINE METHOD 46 THE PROBABILITY METHOD 47 Cellular Reproduction 18 SOLVE IT Using Probabilities in a Genetic Problem 48 Dolly 18 Testing Genetic Hypotheses 48 Cells and Chromosomes 19 THE CHI-SQUARE TEST 50 THE CELLULAR ENVIRONMENT 19 SOLVE IT Using the Chi-Square Test 52 PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS 20 CHROMOSOMES:WHERE GENES ARE LOCATED 20 Mendelian Principles in Human Genetics 52 CELL DIVISION 23 PEDIGREES 53 Mitosis 24 MENDELIAN SEGREGATION IN HUMAN FAMILIES 54 GENETIC COUNSELING 54 Meiosis 27 PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS Making Predictions SOLVE IT How Much DNA in Human Meiotic Cells 27 from Pedigrees 56 ixix CHAPTER 1 The Science of Genetics 1 The Personal Genome 1 An Invitation 2 Three Great Milestones in Genetics 2 MENDEL: GENES AND THE RULES OF INHERITANCE 2 WATSON AND CRICK: THE STRUCTURE OF DNA 3 THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT: SEQUENCING DNA AND CATALOGUING GENES 4 DNA as the Genetic Material 6 DNA REPLICATION: PROPAGATING GENETIC INFORMATION 6 GENE EXPRESSION: USING GENETIC INFORMATION 7 MUTATION: CHANGING GENETIC INFORMATION 9 Genetics and Evolution 10 Levels of Genetic Analysis 11 CLASSICAL GENETICS 11 MOLECULAR GENETICS 11 POPULATION GENETICS 12 Genetics in the World: Applications of Genetics to Human Endeavors 12 GENETICS IN AGRICULTURE 12 GENETICS IN MEDICINE 14 GENETICS IN SOCIETY 15 CHAPTER 2 Cellular Reproduction 18 Dolly 18 Cells and Chromosomes 19 THE CELLULAR ENVIRONMENT 19 PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS 20 CHROMOSOMES: WHERE GENES ARE LOCATED 20 CELL DIVISION 23 Mitosis 24 Meiosis 27 SOLVE IT How Much DNA in Human Meiotic Cells 27 MEIOSIS I 27 MEIOSIS II AND THE OUTCOMES OF MEIOSIS 31 SOLVE IT How Many Chromosome Combinations in Sperm 31 Life Cycles of Some Model Genetic Organisms 32 SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE, BAKER’S YEAST 32 ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA, A FAST-GROWING PLANT 33 MUS MUSCULUS, THE MOUSE 34 PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS Counting Chromosomes and Chromatids 36 CHAPTER 3 Mendelism: The Basic Principles of Inheritance 40 The Birth of Genetics: A Scientific Revolution 40 Mendel’s Study of Heredity 41 MENDEL’S EXPERIMENTAL ORGANISM, THE GARDEN PEA 41 MONOHYBRID CROSSES: THE PRINCIPLES OF DOMINANCE AND SEGREGATION 42 DIHYBRID CROSSES: THE PRINCIPLE OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT 44 Applications of Mendel’s Principles 46 THE PUNNETT SQUARE METHOD 46 THE FORKED-LINE METHOD 46 THE PROBABILITY METHOD 47 SOLVE IT Using Probabilities in a Genetic Problem 48 Testing Genetic Hypotheses 48 THE CHI-SQUARE TEST 50 SOLVE IT Using the Chi-Square Test 52 Mendelian Principles in Human Genetics 52 PEDIGREES 53 MENDELIAN SEGREGATION IN HUMAN FAMILIES 54 GENETIC COUNSELING 54 PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS Making Predictions from Pedigrees 56 Contents