the scientific cause and effect of a phenomenon; but they understand that occurrences have particular physical causes or reasons for occurring. Nevertheless, he said, Zande also claim that unfortunate events are the result of witchcraft. These unfortunate events included illness, death accidents, crop failure, the sudden death of animals, and so forth. If someone is sitting under granary, and the granary collapses killing the person sitting there --- this is witchcraft. Zande know that the wood is old and that it may be rotted by termites. Yet the lingering question in such a death due to accident is, "Why did the granary fall on that person at that particular time? In view of this kind of reasoning, E-P claimed that for Zande witchcraft explains unfortunate events he writes A man hangs himself after quarreling with his brothers. Now, he was clearly prompted by the quarrel to take his life, but that explanation is insufficient, because people wuarrel every day but only very rarely hang themselves. The"second spear "of witchcraft is need to explain his actions Some people are shading themselves under a granary when the structure collapses, killing them. The cause, to a certain extent, is to be found int he termites who had eaten away the granary's foundations and caused the collapsed. But why was it precisely at that moment that it collapsed? Why was it those people who were killed rather than some others or no one? This view of witchcraft is identical to that found in the Bocage region of western France. People in the Bocage understand that illness and death and calamity happen. Their singular occurrence is rarely considered noteworthy or peculiar. The loss of one animal, one illness, one bankruptcy, even one death, do not call for more than a single comment: "the trouble with him is that he drinks too much;“ she had cancer of the kidneys;”“ my cow was very old. Shamanism and possession Shamans, especially shamanic healers, are said to be possessed by spirits of deities, and to derive their power from this possession. In many societies, the shaman is the only kind of religious specialized practitioners and they carry out their abilities in return for a gift or some fee e not practitioner; that is, he practices all forms of ritual in such societies. Shamans generally Shamans possess several mystical qualities. They have access to the powers of spiritual beings, which are sometimes referred to as spiritual helpers. The effectiveness of a shaman in curing is believed to derive from the potency of his spirit helps and from his ability to contact them and get them to do his bidding. Contact is made through altered states of consciousness. This altered state(otherwise known as trance) is achieved through intake of drugs, ritual chanting and ecstatic movements, or the rhythmic participation with music. The spirits commonly entered the body of the shaman and/or of the patient in order to effect the healing of someone. In most societies, the major role of the shaman is curing illness When possessed, the shaman becomes a medium, or mouthpiece for the spirits. Instruction of the