Open Door policy 3○0m 6ys⊙6.⊙0d artofmarkbryan.comOpen Door Open Door policy • 1900, Germany, France, Russia Germany, France, Russia, and Japan had secured generous “spheres of influence ” in China together with exclusive economic “concessions (割让)” to develop these areas through long–term leases and special trading privileges. • Gradually the United States had to make concessions to Japan to protect the vulnerable (脆弱的 ) Philippines and to sustain the Open Door policy ––– the principle of equal trade rights and market opportunity, which the United States had constantly pursued in China