8.8.3 Origination of charge (3)Substitution of crystal lattice: (4) Dielectric difference Carlin: Water droplet in petroleum is negatively m(Al3.34Mg06)(SO20)(OH)46m charged (0.66-x)Nax-xNa(3) Substitution of crystal lattice: Caolin: {[m(Al3.34Mg0.66)(Si8O20)(OH)4 ] 0.66m- (0.66-x)Na+ } x- xNa+ (4) Dielectric difference Water droplet in petroleum is negatively charged. 8.8.3 Origination of charge