Poisson 's Ratio vs. Treatment for ductile Irons 0.25 Torsion 60-40-18 65-45-12 80-55-06 Treatment FIGURE 91. 1 An example of a figure generated on the Macintosh with Microsoft Excel 3.0, showing the effect of four different treatments on two different measured variables. Although this information could be presented in two dimensions, the 3-D illustration can be more intuitive and interesting into a fine point;(4)the deflection system, which directs the beam to the appropriate location; and(5)the phosphor screen, which glows when bombarded with the electron beam. The persistence of the phosphor is defined as the time from the removal of excitation to when the phosphorescence has decayed to 10% of the initial light output[ Foley et al., 1996]. Depending on the persistence of the phosphor used, the screen will need to be continually refreshed, or redrawn. Color is produced by laying triads of red-green-blue(rGB) phosphors on the screen and using three electron guns, one for each color, to excite the corresponding phosphor The raster CRT scans the image, one row at a time, from a matrix whose elements correspond to a pixel,or point on the screen. This matrix is referred to as the frame buffer and allows for a constant refresh rate, usually 60 times per second. Systems may also have more than one frame buffer(double buffer) to facilitate faster image generation. These displays include high resolution(1024 X 11280), SVGA(768 1024),NTSC (350 X 480) and HDTV (720 X 1280 and 1080 X 1920)[Baily et al., 1996]. In vector CRt displays, the picture is generated in a continuous sweep, much like tracing an image on paper. The refresh rate on the vector displays is a function of the complexity of the image. The result may be a noticeable flicker on the screen. Other Display technologies 1. Direct view storage tubes(DVST): These devices were the primary displays used in earlier systems. These vector drawing devices stored their images on a grid, which was continually bombarded with electrons n order to transfer the image to the screen. The advantage was that once the image was drawn, the refresh process took place independently of the complexity of the image, thereby producing a constant ge on the screen. The disadvantage of these systems was that no part of the image could be selectively erased without erasing the entire grid and resending the modified image to the display. 2. Liquid crystal display (LCD ) This device uses matrix addressing and refreshes the display one row at a time. Appropriate voltages are applied to the crystals, causing them to line up. They remain polarized not allowing light to pass through; light is absorbed, causing dark spots on the display. These devices 3. Plasma panels: These devices have an array of neon bulbs between glass plates, which may be turned on or off. While color is possible, it has not been commercially available. These devices excel in screen size, weight, ruggedness, and brightness characteristics but are generally high in cost. 4. Electroluminescent displays: These devices also use a grid-like structure for addressing elements. The light-emitting material, a zinc sulfide doped with manganese, is available in color. These devices have brightness characteristics but are high in cost. e 2000 by CRC Press LLC© 2000 by CRC Press LLC into a fine point; (4) the deflection system, which directs the beam to the appropriate location; and (5) the phosphor screen, which glows when bombarded with the electron beam. The persistence of the phosphor is defined as the time from the removal of excitation to when the phosphorescence has decayed to 10% of the initial light output [Foley et al., 1996]. Depending on the persistence of the phosphor used, the screen will need to be continually refreshed, or redrawn. Color is produced by laying triads of red-green-blue (RGB) phosphors on the screen and using three electron guns, one for each color, to excite the corresponding phosphor. The raster CRT scans the image, one row at a time, from a matrix whose elements correspond to a pixel, or point on the screen. This matrix is referred to as the frame buffer and allows for a constant refresh rate, usually 60 times per second. Systems may also have more than one frame buffer (double buffer) to facilitate faster image generation. These displays include high resolution (1024 ¥ 11280), SVGA (768 ¥ 1024), NTSC (~350 ¥ 480) and HDTV (720 ¥ 1280 and 1080 ¥ 1920) [Baily et al., 1996]. In vector CRT displays, the picture is generated in a continuous sweep, much like tracing an image on paper. The refresh rate on the vector displays is a function of the complexity of the image. The result may be a noticeable flicker on the screen. Other Display Technologies 1. Direct view storage tubes (DVST): These devices were the primary displays used in earlier systems. These vector drawing devices stored their images on a grid, which was continually bombarded with electrons in order to transfer the image to the screen. The advantage was that once the image was drawn, the refresh process took place independently of the complexity of the image, thereby producing a constant image on the screen. The disadvantage of these systems was that no part of the image could be selectively erased without erasing the entire grid and resending the modified image to the display. 2. Liquid crystal display (LCD): This device uses matrix addressing and refreshes the display one row at a time. Appropriate voltages are applied to the crystals, causing them to line up. They remain polarized, not allowing light to pass through; light is absorbed, causing dark spots on the display. These devices are light in weight, rugged, and have a low power consumption, fair intensity, and low cost. 3. Plasma panels: These devices have an array of neon bulbs between glass plates, which may be turned on or off. While color is possible, it has not been commercially available. These devices excel in screen size, weight, ruggedness, and brightness characteristics but are generally high in cost. 4. Electroluminescent displays: These devices also use a grid-like structure for addressing elements. The light-emitting material, a zinc sulfide doped with manganese, is available in color. These devices have excellent brightness characteristics but are high in cost. FIGURE 91.1 An example of a figure generated on the Macintosh with Microsoft Excel 3.0, showing the effect of four different treatments on two different measured variables. Although this information could be presented in two dimensions, the 3-D illustration can be more intuitive and interesting