Summary Effector cells and antibodies play critical roles in almost all adaptive immune responses Antigen-presenting cells play critical role in processing and presenting antigen to T cells Cytokines are released by a variety of cell types and regulate a variety of biological effects T-cell mediated cell death is largely via apoptosis Summary ◼ Effector cells and antibodies play critical roles in almost all adaptive immune responses ◼ Antigen-presenting cells play critical role in processing and presenting antigen to T cells ◼ Cytokines are released by a variety of cell types and regulate a variety of biological effects ◼ T-cell mediated cell death is largely via apoptosis