J Rebelo Kornmeier et al. Materials Characterization 58(2007)922-92 of 1.82 A, the SiC (311) interference lines with 20=87, 8 Acknowledgement was chosen. The corresponding diffraction elastic constants (XEC) were taken from the literature [8 with S1 The authors would like to thank for financial suppo 0.35*10MPa and 1/2s2=2.7*10 MPa. Each of this project the Bayerische Forschungsstiftung, 2002 easurement took 5 h per direction. (Keramische Faserverbundwerkstoffe fur Hochleistung The residual stress results obtained are plotted in santriebe in der Raumfahrt) Fig. 6 as a function of the distance from the throat surface. The residual stress values are almost zero in all References directions, radial, axial and tangential. This can be explained by the fact that the nozzle had been temperature tested and the residual stresses, which were [1 Schmidt S, Beyer S, Knabe H, Immich H, Meistring R, Gessler A. Advanced ceramic matrix composite materials for current and expected after the LPI production process, have been future propulsion technology applications. Acta Astronaut relieved by the formation of cracks, which were observed 004:55:409-20 in the material after the temperature tests 2 Hauk V. Structural and residual stress analysis by nondestructive methods. Evaluation-application-assessment. Elsevier Science BV;1997.p.129-31 3. Conclusions 3 Schmidt S, Beyer S, Hauptmann J, Kirchhoff G, Ferrara S, Janssen H. et al. Metall-Keramik- Verbindungstechniken im Neutron and synchrotron tomography as well as Bereich Raumfahrt-Antrieb(metal-ceramic joining techniques neutron diffraction methods can be successfully used to aerospace engine). DVS-Ber 2004: 231: 118-2 analyse C/SiC satellite nozzle components non-destruc 4 Schatz A, Pfister G, Koch D, Stier G, Siegel C. Computer tomography with fast and thermal neutrons. Third world tively on a microscopic and macroscopic scale conference on neutron radiography. Japan: Osaka: 1989 5]Kak AC, Slaney Malcolm. Principles of computerized tomo- Synchrotron tomography enables three-dimensional aphic imaging. IEEE Press: 198 qualitative and quantitative characterisation of the 6 Ali AM, Melegy Z, Morsy M, Megahid RM, Bucherl T, Lehmann composite material on the scale of the fibre, with iques using projection data fror transmission method. Ann Nucl Energy 2004 31: 1415-28. resolutions of 1. 4 um for small samples, revealing [7 Stampanoni M, Borchert G, Wyssc P, Abelab R, Pattersonb B fibre orientation and integrity, matrix homogeneity, Huntb S, et al. High resolution X-ray detector for synchrotron- and the dimensions and distributions of micro pores based microtomography. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res Sect A Neutron tomography with a resolution of around Accel Spectrom Detect Assoc Equip 2002: 491: 291-301 8 Eigenmann E, Scholtes B, Macherauch E. Grundlagen und 300 um permits the analysis of the satellite nozzle Anwendung der rontgenographischen Spannungsermittlung vith respect to the fibre content, as well as the special Keramiken und Metall-Keramik-Verbundwerkstoffen(basics and solder connection between the satellite nozzle and application of the X-ray diffraction method for residual stress metal ring measurements in ceramic and metal-ceramic composites). Mater Neutron diffraction can be used for non-destructive Wiss Werkstofftechn 1989: 20: 314-25 lepth residual stress measurements of the satellite [9 Kuhne G, Frei G, Lehmann E, Vontobel P. CNR-the new beamline for cold neutron imaging at SINQ. ITMNR-5 Fifth ozzie. The residual stress values obtained on a Intemational Topical Meeting on Neutron Radiography, vol. 53 temperature tested nozzle were almost zero in all the main directions, radial, axial and tangential [10 Manke L, Banhart J, Hilger A, Kardjilov N. The new cold neutron radiography and tomography facility at the HMI and industrial applications. ITMNR-5 Fifth International Topical Meeting on In order to further enhance the performance of Neutron Radiography, vol 8: 2004 neutron analyses, the following is suggested for future [11])Hofimann M, Schneider R, Seidl GA,Rebelo-KornmeierIGarbe measurements: the contrast of tomography measure- U, Schneider R, Wimpory RC, Wasmuth U, Noster U. The New ments can be increased using cold neutrons with an laterals Science Diffractometer STRESS-SPEC at FRM-II energy range between 0.5-2 meV Beam lines for such Mat Sci Forun2006;524-525:211-6 cold neutron imaging will be shortly available [9, 10, 12] [12 Schillinger B, Calzada E, Grunauer F. Radiography and mography. Ann. Report FRM-ll, vol 53: 2002 A higher neutron flux which is now available at the FRM-ll will improve the quality of neutron imaging and the spatial resolution of diffraction measurements by using smaller gauge volumes, while keeping measure- ment times reasonable at the same time [11, 12of 1.82 Å, the SiC {311} interference lines with 2θ=87,8° was chosen. The corresponding diffraction elastic constants (XEC) were taken from the literature [8] with s1= −0.35⁎10−6 MPa−1 and 1/2s2=2.7⁎10−6 MPa−1 . Each measurement took 5 h per direction. The residual stress results obtained are plotted in Fig. 6 as a function of the distance from the throat surface. The residual stress values are almost zero in all directions, radial, axial and tangential. This can be explained by the fact that the nozzle had been temperature tested and the residual stresses, which were expected after the LPI production process, have been relieved by the formation of cracks, which were observed in the material after the temperature tests. 3. Conclusions Neutron and synchrotron tomography as well as neutron diffraction methods can be successfully used to analyse C/SiC satellite nozzle components non-destruc￾tively on a microscopic and macroscopic scale. – Synchrotron tomography enables three-dimensional qualitative and quantitative characterisation of the composite material on the scale of the fibre, with resolutions of 1.4 μm for small samples, revealing fibre orientation and integrity, matrix homogeneity, and the dimensions and distributions of micro pores. – Neutron tomography with a resolution of around 300 μm permits the analysis of the satellite nozzle with respect to the fibre content, as well as the special solder connection between the satellite nozzle and metal ring. – Neutron diffraction can be used for non-destructive in depth residual stress measurements of the satellite nozzle. The residual stress values obtained on a temperature tested nozzle were almost zero in all the main directions, radial, axial and tangential. In order to further enhance the performance of neutron analyses, the following is suggested for future measurements: the contrast of tomography measure￾ments can be increased using cold neutrons with an energy range between 0.5–2 meV. Beam lines for such cold neutron imaging will be shortly available [9,10,12]. A higher neutron flux which is now available at the FRM-II will improve the quality of neutron imaging and the spatial resolution of diffraction measurements by using smaller gauge volumes, while keeping measure￾ment times reasonable at the same time [11,12]. Acknowledgement The authors would like to thank for financial support of this project the Bayerische Forschungsstiftung, 2002 (Keramische Faserverbundwerkstoffe für Hochleistung￾santriebe in der Raumfahrt). References [1] Schmidt S, Beyer S, Knabe H, Immich H, Meistring R, Gessler A. Advanced ceramic matrix composite materials for current and future propulsion technology applications. Acta Astronaut 2004;55:409–20. [2] Hauk V. Structural and residual stress analysis by nondestructive methods. Evaluation-application-assessment. Elsevier Science B.V.; 1997. p. 129–31. [3] Schmidt S, Beyer S, Hauptmann J, Kirchhoff G, Ferrara S, Janssen H, et al. Metall-Keramik-Verbindungstechniken im Bereich Raumfahrt-Antrieb (metal–ceramic joining techniques in aerospace engine). DVS-Ber 2004;231:118–25. [4] Schatz A, Pfister G, Koch D, Stier G, Siegel C. Computer tomography with fast and thermal neutrons. Third world conference on neutron radiography. Japan: Osaka; 1989. [5] Kak AC, Slaney Malcolm. Principles of computerized tomo￾graphic imaging. IEEE Press; 1988. [6] Ali AM, Melegy Z, Morsy M, Megahid RM, Bucherl T, Lehmann EH. Image reconstruction techniques using projection data from transmission method. Ann Nucl Energy 2004;31:1415–28. [7] Stampanoni M, Borchert G, Wyssc P, Abelab R, Pattersonb B, Huntb S, et al. High resolution X-ray detector for synchrotron￾based microtomography. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res Sect A Accel Spectrom Detect Assoc Equip 2002;491:291–301. [8] Eigenmann E, Scholtes B, Macherauch E. Grundlagen und Anwendung der röntgenographischen Spannungsermittlung an Keramiken und Metall-Keramik-Verbundwerkstoffen (basics and application of the X-ray diffraction method for residual stress measurements in ceramic and metal–ceramic composites). Mater Wiss Werkstofftechn 1989;20:314–25. [9] Kühne G, Frei G, Lehmann E, Vontobel P. CNR—the new beamline for cold neutron imaging at SINQ. ITMNR-5 Fifth International Topical Meeting on Neutron Radiography, vol. 53; 2004. [10] Manke I, Banhart J, Hilger A, Kardjilov N. The new cold neutron radiography and tomography facility at the HMI and industrial applications. ITMNR-5 Fifth International Topical Meeting on Neutron Radiography, vol. 8; 2004. [11] Hofmann M, Schneider R, Seidl GA, Rebelo-Kornmeier J, Garbe U, Schneider R, Wimpory RC, Wasmuth U, Noster U. The New Materials Science Diffractometer STRESS-SPEC at FRM-II. Mat Sci Forum 2006;524-525:211–6. [12] Schillinger B, Calzada E, Grünauer F. Radiography and tomography. Ann. Report FRM-II, vol. 53; 2002. J. Rebelo Kornmeier et al. / Materials Characterization 58 (2007) 922–927 927