5.分词与连词的连用 分词可与各种连词(如:when, while,once, until, if,. unless, though, although, even if, as,as if, as though等)连用。连词+分词(短语)的结构在句中作状语,相当于状语从句。 She'll get nervous when speaking in public He went on talking, though continually interrupted 6.分词的独立结构 分词作状语时,其逻辑主语与句子的主语应该一致;否则,分词应有自己的逻辑主 语,构成分词的独立结构。独立结构一般位于句首,作伴随状语以及在科技文章中表示 附加说明时,它常位于句末。分词的独立结构由名词、代词+分词构成,可以表示时间、 原因、条件、方式或伴随情况等。 Weather permitting, the football match will be played on Wednesday Her son having been sent to school, she began to do some shopping He returned three days later, his face covered with mud and his clothes torn into pieces There were two parties yesterday evening, each attended by some students 时态 1.现在完成时、过去完成时以及将来完成时之间的区别 1)现在完成时: ①构成:have/has+过去分词 ②语法意义及要点: A.现在完成时表示一个过去开始的状态或动作持续到现在并可能继续持续下去,常同表示 一段时间的状语连用。如 so far, up to now, sInce, for a long time等 He has worked as a teacher for many years Up till now, nothing has gone wrong B.现在完成时表示一个过去发生的对现在仍有影响的动作或事件。常与不确定的过去时间 状语连用,如yet,just, before, recently等;也同表示频度时间状语连用,如ofen,ever, never, sometimes, several times等;还可同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如now, today,this morning等。但不能同特定的过去时间状语连用( last year,in1997等) I have never learned Japanese before We have been quite busy lately(recently) C.在时间或条件状语从句中,当表示将来完成时的意义时,要用现在完成时来代替将来完 成时 --We'll start at 5 o'clock if it has stopped raining by then I shall go to see you when I have finished my homework Note:行为不能持续的瞬间动词( Instantaneous verb),如 arrive, begin, come, go, start, leave, die,joi等通常不能用于这一语法意义,即该类动词在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时 间的状语连用。 - -He has joined the army for five years. (iR) - -He has been in the army for five years. (IE)5. 分词与连词的连用 分词可与各种连词（如：when, while, once, until, if, unless, though, although, even if, as, as if, as though 等）连用。连词+分词（短语）的结构在句中作状语，相当于状语从句。 She’ll get nervous when speaking in public. He went on talking, though continually interrupted. 6. 分词的独立结构 分词作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语应该一致；否则，分词应有自己的逻辑主 语，构成分词的独立结构。独立结构一般位于句首，作伴随状语以及在科技文章中表示 附加说明时，它常位于句末。分词的独立结构由名词、代词+分词构成，可以表示时间、 原因、条件、方式或伴随情况等。 Weather permitting, the football match will be played on Wednesday. Her son having been sent to school, she began to do some shopping. He returned three days later, his face covered with mud and his clothes torn into pieces. There were two parties yesterday evening, each attended by some students. 时态 1. 现在完成时、过去完成时以及将来完成时之间的区别 1) 现在完成时： ① 构成：have / has +过去分词 ② 语法意义及要点： A. 现在完成时表示一个过去开始的状态或动作持续到现在并可能继续持续下去，常同表示 一段时间的状语连用。如 so far, up to now, since, for a long time 等。 --He has worked as a teacher for many years. --Up till now, nothing has gone wrong. B. 现在完成时表示一个过去发生的对现在仍有影响的动作或事件。常与不确定的过去时间 状语连用，如yet, just, before, recently等；也同表示频度时间状语连用，如often, ever, never, sometimes, several times 等；还可同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如 now, today, this morning 等。但不能同特定的过去时间状语连用(last year , in 1997 等)。 --I have never learned Japanese before. --We have been quite busy lately (recently). C. 在时间或条件状语从句中，当表示将来完成时的意义时，要用现在完成时来代替将来完 成时。 --We’ll start at 5 o’clock if it has stopped raining by then. --I shall go to see you when I have finished my homework. Note: 行为不能持续的瞬间动词(Instantaneous Verb), 如 arrive, begin, come, go, start, leave, die, join 等通常不能用于这一语法意义，即该类动词在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时 间的状语连用。 --He has joined the army for five years. （误） --He has been in the army for five years. （正）