植物的生长和发育 Plant growth and development 本章学习目标 理解植物生长、分化和发育的概念 2.掌握植物生长、分化和发育等过程在细胞水平,生化水平和分子水平的调 控机制。 3.理解植物发育过程不同阶段(胚胎发生;种子萌发:根、茎、叶的形成) 细胞水平的特点 4.理解植物运动的类型和机制 Objectives of this chapte 1. Understand the distinction of cell growth, differentiation, and devision 2. Appreciate the principle means of regulations on the processes of growth differentiation, and development at the cellular, biochemical, and molecular 3. Understand celular events that take place during different stages (embryogeneis; seed germination; root, shoot and leaf formation) of plant 4. Understand the categories and mechanisms of plant movements 植物的发育过程贯穿于植物的生命周期;伴随着一系列发育程序精确而有序 地进行。在植物的个体发育过程中,细胞分裂,生长,分化,组织和器官的产生 是自然发展的过程。随着发育的进行,植物最终进入成熟期,开始生殖生长,然 后衰老,死亡。植物生命周期中的这些过程,以及调控这些过程的细胞学,生物 化学,和分子生物学机制构成了植物发育的概念。 The vegetative phase of plant development continues throughout the life of a plant. Plant development requires a precise and highly ordered succession of events Plant cells divide, grow, and differentiate. These ongoing processes generate the plant body with increasingly complex tissues and organs. In the end, these events gve rise to the compex organization of a mature plant that flowers; bears fruit, senesces, and eventually dies. These events, along with their underlying biochemistry and the factors that either impose or modulate an unfailing and orderly progression tho any the life cycle, constitute development 第一节细胞的分裂、生长和分化 在生命周期中,生物的细胞、组织和器官的数目、体积或干重的不可逆增加 过程称为生长。它通过原生质的增加、细胞分裂和细胞体积的扩大来实现,其中 最重要的因素是膨压引起的细胞的膨大。植物的生长是建立在器官生长的基础上 的,而器官的生长的基础,则是细胞分裂、生长和分化。 Cell division, expension and differentiation and enlargement of cell volumn. The largest component of plant growl/ sion y Growth in plants is defined as an irreversible increase in number, volume and weight of cells, tissues and organs. It is caused by increase in plasma, cell divi expansion driven by turgor pressure. During this process, cells increase in volume manyfold. Plant growth is based on organ growth, Organs are generated by cell division and expansion and differentiation 1.细胞分裂 细胞分裂的概念 细胞分裂是一个细胞分裂为两个细胞的过程。分裂前的细胞称母细胞,分裂 后形成的新细胞称子细胞。植物细胞在分裂过程中子细胞之间形成新的细胞壁;植物的生长和发育 Plant growth and development 本章学习目标: 1. 理解植物生长、分化和发育的概念. 2. 掌握植物生长、分化和发育等过程在细胞水平，生化水平和分子水平的调 控机制。 3. 理解植物发育过程不同阶段（胚胎发生；种子萌发；根、茎、叶的形成） 细胞水平的特点。 4．理解植物运动的类型和机制。 Objectives of this chapter: 1. Understand the distinction of cell growth, differentiation, and devision. 2. Appreciate the principle means of regulations on the processes of growth, differentiation, and development at the cellular, biochemical, and molecular levels. 3. Understand celular events that take place during different stages (embryogeneis; seed germination; root, shoot and leaf formation) of plant development. 4. Understand the categories and mechanisms of plant movements. 植物的发育过程贯穿于植物的生命周期；伴随着一系列发育程序精确而有序 地进行。在植物的个体发育过程中，细胞分裂，生长，分化，组织和器官的产生 是自然发展的过程。随着发育的进行，植物最终进入成熟期，开始生殖生长，然 后衰老，死亡。植物生命周期中的这些过程，以及调控这些过程的细胞学，生物 化学，和分子生物学机制构成了植物发育的概念。 The vegetative phase of plant development continues throughout the life of a plant. Plant development requires a precise and highly ordered succession of events. Plant cells divide, grow, and differentiate. These ongoing processes generate the plant body with increasingly complex tissues and organs. In the end, these events gve rise to the compex organization of a mature plant that flowers; bears fruit, senesces, and eventually dies. These events, along with their underlying biochemistry and the any factors that either impose or modulate an unfailing and orderly progression through the life cycle, constitute development. 第一节 细胞的分裂、生长和分化 在生命周期中，生物的细胞、组织和器官的数目、体积或干重的不可逆增加 过程称为生长。它通过原生质的增加、细胞分裂和细胞体积的扩大来实现, 其中 最重要的因素是膨压引起的细胞的膨大。植物的生长是建立在器官生长的基础上 的，而器官的生长的基础，则是细胞分裂、生长和分化。 Cell division, expension and differentiation Growth in plants is defined as an irreversible increase in number, volume and dry weight of cells, tissues and organs. It is caused by increase in plasma, cell division and enlargement of cell volumn. The largest component of plant growth is cell expansion driven by turgor pressure. During this process, cells increase in volume manyfold. Plant growth is based on organ growth, Organs are generated by cell division and expansion and differentiation. 1．细胞分裂 细胞分裂的概念 细胞分裂是一个细胞分裂为两个细胞的过程。分裂前的细胞称母细胞，分裂 后形成的新细胞称子细胞。植物细胞在分裂过程中子细胞之间形成新的细胞壁；