Fermentation Design graphs, Kjeldahl equipment, titrimeter, UV/visible spectrophotometers, an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, pHmeter, viscosimeter, refractome ter, densitometer, etc. The cell mass is usually followed for its intrinsic value as well as to calculate specific uptake rates or production rates in the fermenter. Therefore, centrifuges and various types of ovens are required for drying in addition to ashing Fermenter sterility testing requires a room with a laminar flow hood to prepare plates, tubes and shake flasks. Space needs to be provided for incubators and microscopes. Since it is very important to identify when infection occurs in large scale production, microscopic examination of shake flasks is usually preferred because a large sample can be used, and it gives the fastest response. Similarly, stereo microscopes are used for reading spiral streaks on agar plates before the naked eye can see colonies Chemical and glassware storage, dish washing, sample refrigerators, glassware dryers, autoclaves for the preparation of sterile sample bottles for the plant, computer(s)for assay calculations, water baths, fume hoods, etc are additional basic equipment items needed. Typical overall space require nents are 450 ft of floor space per working chemical technician 2.3 Production: Raw Material Storage Raw material warehousing most often is a separate building from manufacturing. Its location should be on a rail siding(for large plants)and have easy access by twenty-ton trailers. The dimensions of the building should make it easy to stack a palletized forty-ton rail cars contents-two pallets wide and three or four pallets high, from the main aisle to the wall. In this manner, raw material lots can be easily identified and used when Large volume dry raw materials should be purchased in bulk(trucks or rail cars)and stored in silos. Pneumatic conveying from the silos to the mixing tanks can be controlled from the panel in the instrument control room after selecting the weight and positioning diverter valves. Wherever possible, liquid raw materials should be purchased in bulk and pumped. For safety and environmental reasons, drummed, liquid raw materials should be avoided, if possible, The silos and bulk liquid tanks can usually be placed close to the batching area, whereas the warehouse can be some distance away Since large volume materials are pneumatically conveyed or pumped, the floor space of the batching area for storing miscellaneous materials can be relatively smallFermentation Design 71 graphs, Kjeldahl equipment, titrimeters, Wkisible spectrophotometers, an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, pH meters, viscosimeter, refiactome￾ter, densitometer, etc. The cell mass is usually followed for its intrinsic value as well as to calculate specific uptake rates or production rates in the fermenter. Therefore, centrifuges and various types of ovens are required for drying in addition to ashing. Fermenter sterility testing requires a room with a laminar flow hood to prepare plates, tubes and shake flasks. Space needs to be provided for incubators and microscopes. Since it is very important to identify when infection occurs in large scale production, microscopic examination of shake flasks is usually preferred because a large sample can be used, and it gives the fastest response. Similarly, stereo microscopes are used for reading spiral streaks on agar plates before the naked eye can see colonies. Chemical and glassware storage, dish washing, sample refrigerators, glassware dryers, autoclaves for the preparation of sterile sample bottles for the plant, computer(s) for assay calculations, water baths, fume hoods, etc., are additional basic equipment items needed. Typical overall space require￾ments are 450 ft2 of floor space per working chemical technician. 2.3 Production: Raw Material Storage Raw material warehousing most often is a separate building from manufacturing. Its location should be on a rail siding (for large plants) and have easy access by twenty-ton trailers. The dimensions of the building should make it easy to stack a palletized forty-ton rail car’s contents-two pallets wide and three or four pallets high, from the main aisle to the wall. In this manner, raw material lots can be easily identified and used when approved. Large volume dry raw materials should be purchased in bulk (trucks or rail cars) and stored in silos. Pneumatic conveying from the silos to the mixing tanks can be controlled from the panel in the instrument control room after selecting the weight and positioning diverter valves. Wherever possible, liquid raw materials should be purchased in bulk and pumped. For safety and environmental reasons, drummed, liquid raw materials should be avoided, if possible, The silos and bulk liquid tanks can usually be placed close to the batching area, whereas the warehouse can be some distance away. Since large volume materials are pneumatically conveyed or pumped, the floor space of the batching area for storing miscellaneous materials can be relatively small