a a double(second, twice) prime f prin differential dz/dx first derivative of z with respect to x y=f (x) y is a function of ay=au the partial derivative of y with respect to u sinh, sh hyperbolic sin logab logarithm b to the base a ae big E is equal to the ratio of p divided by a to e divided by 1, is equal to the ratio of the product p I to the product a e integral of… from n to m the integral of dy (by) the minus y square M=R:X-P(x-a,)M is equal to R sub one multiplied by x minus P sub one, round brackets opened x minus a sub one, round brackets closed b=op sec oB b equals half p secant half beta R=V(EPx)+(EPy )R equals the square root of sigma P x all squared, plus sigma P y all I rad 957. 3 one radian equals one eight degrees divided by pi, which is approximately equal to fifyt-seven point three degrees