American Airlines'Next Top Model 453 Table 1 Delays caused by common boarding activities. Boarding activity Time(s) Walking I row of seats Clearing aisle when you must get by someone seated in the aisle seat iddle se 644667 learing aisle when you must get by people seated in the aisle seat and adjacent seat 4 When no one is in the aisle and you can squeeze by the middle person We use these times in our simulation to model the speed at which a plane can be boarded. We model separately the delays caused by aisle interference and row interference. Both are simulated using a mixed distribution defined as follows: 2,X}, where X is a normally distributed random variable whose mean and standard deviation are fixed in nts. We opt for the distribution being tially normal with a minimum of 2 after reasoning that other alternative and common distributions(such as the exponential)are too prone to throw a small value, which is unrealistic. We find that the average row interference time is approximately 4 s with a standard deviation of 2 s, while the average aisle inter- nce time is approximately 7 s with a standard deviation of 4 s. These values are slightly adjusted based on our team's cumulative experience on airplanes Typical Plane Configurations Essential to our model are industry standards regarding common layouts of passenger aircraft of varied sizes. We use an Airbus 320 plane to model a small plane(85-210 passengers)and the Boeing 747 for a midsize plane(210 330 passengers). Because of the lack of large planes available on the market, we modify the Boeing 747 by eliminating the first-class section and extending the coach section to fill the entire plane. This puts the Boeing 747 close to its maximum capacity. This modified Boeing 747 has 55 rows, all with the same dimensions as the coach section in the standard Boeing 747. Airbus is in the process of designing planes that can hold up to 800 passengers.The Airbus A380 is a double-decker with occupancy of 555 people in three different classes; but we exclude double-decker models from our simulation because is the larger, bottom deck that is the limiting factor, not the smaller upper deckAmerican Airlines' Next Top Model 453 Table 1. Delays caused by comnm•on boarding activities. Boarding activity Time (s) Walking 1 row of seats 1 Carry-on stowage 6 Clearing aisle when you must get by someone seated in the aisle seat 4 Clearing aisle when you must get by people seated in the aisle seat and adjacent seat 4 When person seated on the aisle must get up 6 When person seated in middle seat must get up 6 When two people must get up 7 When no one is in the aisle and you can squeeze by the middle person 1 We use these times in our simulation to model the speed at which a plane can be boarded. We model separately the delays caused by aisle interference and row interference. Both are simulated using a mixed distribution defined as follows: Y = min{2, X}, where X is a normally distributed random variable whose mean and standard deviation are fixed in our experiments. We opt for the distribution being par￾tially normal with a minimum of 2 after reasoning that other alternative and common distributions (such as the exponential) are too prone to throw a small value, which is unrealistic. We find that the average row interference time is approximately 4 s with a standard deviation of 2 s, while the average aisle inter￾ference time is approximately 7 s with a standard deviation of 4 s. These values are slightly adjusted based on our team's cumulative experience on airplanes. Typical Plane Configurations Essential to our model are industry standards regarding common layouts of passenger aircraft of varied sizes. We use an Airbus 320 plane to model a small plane (85-210 passengers) and the Boeing 747 for a midsize plane (210- 330 passengers). Because of the lack of large planes available on the market, we modify the Boeing 747 by eliminating the first-class section and extending the coach section to fill the entire plane. This puts the Boeing 747 close to its maximum capacity. This modified Boeing 747 has 55 rows, all with the same dimensions as the coach section in the standard Boeing 747. Airbus is in the process of designing planes that can hold up to 800 passengers. The Airbus A380 is a double-decker with occupancy of 555 people in three different classes; but we exclude double-decker models from our simulation because it is the larger, bottom deck that is the limiting factor, not the smaller upper deck