√x the square root of x the cube root of x % per cent 29 two per cent mill 5‰ five per mill, log x to the base log,o log x to the base 10, common logarithm loge x, Inx. log x, to the base e, natural logarithm, Napierian logarithm ex, exp(x):, exponential function of x, e to the power x the nth power of x, x to the power n x"或x· the nth root of x, x to the power one over n cosine tg, tan tangent ctg. cot cotangent csc. cosec iin arcsin arc sine cos arccos: arc cosine. inh the hyperbolic sine cosh the hyperbolic cosine the summation of xiw*,mothe summation of x sub i, where i goes from 1 to n the product of the product of x sub i, the absolute value of x the mean value of x:x bar xbb b b double prime; b second prime b triple prime f(x) function fof x finite difference or increment △x,bx the increment of x dee x: dee of x: differential x