vii CONTENTS page Preface ” XII Acknowledgments XV Introduction:The unique character of the Chinese Customs Service ABBREVIATIONS Am. American. Chapter I. Art. =Article. The Coming of the Traders of the West:Trading under B.&F.S.P.British and Foreign State Papers. monopoly at Canton in pre-treaty days .. 9 B.P.P.British Parliamentary Paper. Chapter II. .Br. =British. Opium and the first trade war:The settlement under the early C.A. =Customs Archives. treaties 04 4 38 C.P. sCustoms Publication. Ch.Rep.=Chinese Repository. Chapter III. Circ. =Circular. The breakdown of the early treaty system 65 Desp. =Despatch. Chapter IV. F.O. =British Foreign Office Archives. For.Rels.=U.S.A.Foreign Relations. The Origin of the Inspectorate of Customs:Part I.From the capture of Shanghai by the rebels to the Arrow incident, Fr. =French. 1853-1856 … 88 I.G. Inspector-General. N.C.D.N.North China Daily News. ， Chapter V. N.C.H.North'China Herald. The Origin of the Inspectorate of Customs:Part II.From the S.0. =Semi-Official Letter. Arrow incident to the creation of the Tsungli Yamen, Tr. 1856-1861… Treaty. 123 Chapter VI. Hart's ancestry,early years,and education .. 159 Chapter VII. Lay's Memorandum on the Customs Service:The legal powers and status of its members 179 Chapter VIII. Hart's first visit to Peking:Opening of the Yangtse:Coasting trade:Transit passes:Smuggling 44 196 Chapter IX. The Sherard Osborn Fleet and the downfall of H.N.Lay 225" Am. ABBREVIATIONS = American. Art. = Article.' B. & F.S.P. = British and Foreign State Papers. B.P.P. . Br. C.A. = British Parliamentary Paper. = British . Customs Archives. C.P. Customs Publication. Ch. Rep. Circ. Chines~ Repository. Circular. Desp, = Despatch. F.O. British Foreign Office Archives. For. Rels. = D.S.A. Foreign Relations. Fr. = French. I.G. = Inspector-General. N.C.D.N. = North China Daily News. N.C.H. = North' China Herald. S.O. = Semi-Official Letter. Tr. = Treaty. vi vii CONTENTS Preface . Acknowledgments Introduction: The unique character of the Chinese Customs Service Chapter I. The Coming-of the Traders of the West: Trading under monopoly at Canton in pre-treaty days Chapter II. Opium and the first trade war: The settlement under the early treaties Chapter Ill. The breakdown of the early treaty system Chapter IV. The Origin of the Inspectorate of Customs: Part I. From the capture of Shanghai by the rebels to the Arrow incident, 1853-1856 Chapter V. The Origin of the Inspectorate of Customs: Part II. From the Arrow incident to the creation of the Tsungli Yamen, 1856-1861 Chapter VI. Hart's ancestry, early years, and education Chapter VII. Lay's Memorandum on the Customs Service: The legal powers page XII XV I 9 88 12 3 159 and status of its members 1 i9 Chapter VIII. Hart's first visit to Peking: Opening of the Yangtse: Coasting trade: Transit passes: Smuggling 196 Chapter IX. The Sherard Osborn Fleet and the downfall of H. N. Lay