110 STATE OF THE WORLDS FORESTS 2003 explained by high levels of international up with inflation, so that in real terms total public financing, but this is not the case in Ethiopia expenditure on forestry grew in only five and Cote d'Ivoire. In general, there is little correlation between total public expenditure on forestry and the level of international Trends in international fi financing Further details about the sources of financing About half the countries in the study also for public expenditure on forestry in Africa are presented information about recent trends in total given in Table 12. Although this table shows a publicexpenditure on forestry As Table 11 shows, wide variation in international financing among it has increased in all countries except two countries countries tend to fall into three However, increases in most countries failed to keep categories A few countries with relatively large and well-developed forest sectors have high levels of public expenditure on forestry and TABLE 11 relatively low levels of int vernation Trends in total public expenditure on forestry financing(e.g. Cote d'lvoire and Ethiopia) in selected African countries A few more countries have quite high levels of public expenditure on forestry but have Average financing as well (e.g. Madagascar, Mali and (%) the United Republic of Tanzania) Most countries have generally low levels of At current prices At constant prices public expenditure on forestry with Burkina Faso 1996-1999 proportionately high levels of international Burundi 1990-2000 financing. In most, the forest sector is not a of the market e 1996-2000 forests have enormous value for subsistence 1991-2000 and for social and environmental benefit Cote d'lvoire These priorities are generally reflected in the 1997-1999 es of project and programme that Gambia 1995-2000 international agencies tend to finance The average contribution of international Ghana 1990-1999 financing to total public expenditure on forestry in 1999 was 41 percent. On the basis of limited 1990-1999 information about trends in international financing since 1990, it appears that this figure 1996-2000+6 has varied by an average of 35 to 40 percent over the past decade and that it declined from a 1991-1999 peak of US$132 million in 1995 to US$110 1993-1999 million in 1999. a fall consistent with broader 1990-1999 global trends, as reported by Madhvani(1999) 1996-2000 +25 and the Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development(OECD, 2000) Notes: The figures for Ethiopia are an underestimate because the most penditure figures do not include all the states. The figures for the Central African public, Ghana and Malawi exclude expenditure supported by international financing Activities supported by public expenditure on The figures for Nigeria include estimates of spending on forestry by State forest forestry Ministrations, based on the country report plus information about State budgets in Nigeria(IMF, 2000). An important aspect of public expenditure, in2003 FORESTS S’WORLD THE OF STATE 110 international of levels high by explained Ethiopia in case the not is this but, financing little is there, general In. Ivoire’d Côte and expenditure public total between correlation international of level the and forestry on .financing also study the in countries the half About total in trends recent about information presented ,shows 11 Table As. forestry on expenditure public .two except countries all in increased has it keep to failed countries most in increases, However public total terms real in that so, inflation with up five only in grew forestry on expenditure .countries financing international in Trends financing of sources the about details Further are Africa in forestry on expenditure public for a shows table this Although. 12 Table in given among financing international in variation wide three into fall to tend countries, countries .categories and large relatively with countries few A• high have sectors forest developed-well and forestry on expenditure public of levels international of levels low relatively .(Ethiopia and Ivoire’d Côte. g.e (financing levels high quite have countries more few A• have but forestry on expenditure public of international of levels higher much and Mali, Madagascar. g.e (well as financing .(Tanzania of Republic United the of levels low generally have countries Most• with forestry on expenditure public international of levels high proportionately a not is sector forest the, most In. financing although, economy market the of part major subsistence for value enormous have forests .benefits environmental and social for and the in reflected generally are priorities These that programme and project of types .finance to tend agencies international international of contribution average The forestry on expenditure public total to financing limited of basis the On. percent 41 was 1999 in international in trends about information figure this that appears it, 1990 since financing percent 40 to 35 of average an by varied has a from declined it that and decade past the over 110$US to 1995 in million 132$US of peak broader with consistent fall a, 1999 in million (1999 (Madhvani by reported as, trends global .(2000, OECD (Development and operation￾Co Economic for Organisation the and on expenditure public by supported Activities forestry in, expenditure public of aspect important An contribution the is, amount total its to addition total in increase annual Average period Time Country forestry on expenditure public period time specified the over (%) prices constant At prices current At 11 - 6 - 1999–1996 Faso Burkina 5 - 4 + 2000–1990 Burundi 11 - 8 + 2000–1996 Republic African Central 1 + 10 + 2000–1991 Chad 4 - 5 + 1999–1990 Ivoire’d Côte 5 - 3 + 1999–1997 Ethiopia 3 - 1 + 2000–1995 Gambia 8 + 37 + 1999–1990 Ghana 18 - 7 - 2000–1995 Kenya 4 - 26 + 1999–1990 Malawi 6 + 16 + 1999–1992 Mali 3 - 6 + 2000–1996 Mauritius 1 + 8 + 1999–1991 Niger 18 - 16 + 1999–1993 Nigeria 0 6 + 1999–1990 Senegal 25 + 59 + 2000–1996 Zimbabwe .2002a, 2001, FAO: Source recent most the because underestimate an are Ethiopia for figures The: Notes African Central the for figures The. states the all include not do figures expenditure .financing international by supported expenditure exclude Malawi and Ghana, Republic forest State by forestry on spending of estimates include Nigeria for figures The in budgets State about information plus report country the on based, administrations .(2000, IMF (Nigeria 11 TABLE forestry on expenditure public total in Trends countries African selected in