Contents ace Acknowledgments xv PARTI Background and Methods 1 A Brief History of Cognitive Overview of Nervous System Structure 37 Neuroscience 2 The Autonomic Nervous System 38 The Central Nervous System 38 AHistorical Perspective 4 40 The Brain Story 5 The Psychological Story 10 The Brainstem:M edulla,Pons,Cerebellum The Instruments of Neuroscience 14 and Midbrain 43 The Electroencephalograph 14 The Diencephalon:Thalamus and Measuring Blood Flow in the Brain 15 Hypothalamus 45 Computerized Axial Tomography 15 The Telencephalon:Limbic System.Basal Positron Emission Tomography and Ganglia,and Cerebral Cortex 47 Radioactive Tracers 16 The Cerebral Cortex 49 Magnetic Rea maging Dividing the Cortex Anatomically 50 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging 17 Dividing the Cortex Cytoarchitectonically 51 The Book in Your Hands 19 Functional Divisions of the Cortex 53 Development of the Nervous System 60 2 Structure and Function of the Overvie oss Developmen Nervous System 22 w Neurons Throughout Lit 64 The Baby Brain:Ready to Rock'n'Roll? 66 The Structure of Neurons 24 Neuronal Signaling 27 3 The Membrane Potential 27 Methods of Cognitive The Action Potential 30 Neuroscience 70 Synaptic Transmission 32 Cognitive Psychology and Behavioral Methods 74 Chemical Tran 32 Ferreting Out Mental Representations and rotrans 33 Transformations 74 Constraints on Information Processing 78 Release Studying the Damaged Brain 78 Electrical Transmission 35 Causes of Neurological Dysfunction 79 The Role of Glial Cells 35 Studying Brain-Behavior Relationships The Bigger Picture 37 Following Neural Disruption 83 Functional Neurosurgery:Intervention to Alter or Restore Brain Function 86 Contents Boxes xii Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv 1 A Brief History of Cognitive Neuroscience 2 A Historical Perspective 4 The Brain Story 5 The Psychological Story 10 The Instruments of Neuroscience 14 The Electroencephalograph 14 Measuring Blood Flow in the Brain 15 Computerized Axial Tomography 15 Positron Emission Tomography and Radioactive Tracers 16 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 17 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging 17 The Book in Your Hands 19 2 Structure and Function of the Nervous System 22 The Structure of Neurons 24 Neuronal Signaling 27 The Membrane Potential 27 The Action Potential 30 Synaptic Transmission 32 Chemical Transmission 32 Neurotransmitters 33 Inactivation of Neurotransmitters after Release 34 Electrical Transmission 35 The Role of Glial Cells 35 The Bigger Picture 37 Overview of Nervous System Structure 37 The Autonomic Nervous System 38 The Central Nervous System 38 A Guided Tour of the Brain 40 The Spinal Cord 40 The Brainstem: Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum, and Midbrain 43 The Diencephalon: Thalamus and Hypothalamus 45 The Telencephalon: Limbic System, Basal Ganglia, and Cerebral Cortex 47 The Cerebral Cortex 49 Dividing the Cortex Anatomically 50 Dividing the Cortex Cytoarchitectonically 51 Functional Divisions of the Cortex 53 Development of the Nervous System 60 Overview of Gross Development 60 Birth of New Neurons Throughout Life 64 The Baby Brain: Ready to Rock ’n’ Roll? 66 3 Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience 70 Cognitive Psychology and Behavioral Methods 74 Ferreting Out Mental Representations and Transformations 74 Constraints on Information Processing 78 Studying the Damaged Brain 78 Causes of Neurological Dysfunction 79 Studying Brain–Behavior Relationships Following Neural Disruption 83 Functional Neurosurgery: Intervention to Alter or Restore Brain Function 86 PART I Background and Methods v 00i_xviii_Cogneu_4e_FM.indd v 8/1/13 1:22 PM