366 工程科学学报,第43卷,第3期 Corresponding author,E-mail:wangguangjin2005@163.com ABSTRACT Under heavy rainfall,the pore air pressure in the unsaturated zone of a dump hinders rainwater infiltration in loose soil, which further affects the safety and stability of the dump.However,traditional analysis methods often regard pore air pressure as atmospheric pressure and ignore its impact on dump safety.Relying on the high bench dump project of a copper mine in Jiangxi,basing on the field test and survey results and combing with the horizontal slice of a typical dump profile,the seepage law and safety stability of a high bench dump with traditional methods while considering the pore air pressure were analyzed.Moreover,the influence of pore air pressure on a wet front,pore water pressure,and slope safety factors of high bench dump under heavy rainfall conditions were discussed. The research results show that pore air pressure at the initial stage of rainfall infiltration is not significant,and pore air pressure does not have a direct impact on the stability of the high bench dump.However,as the rainfall continues,the effect of the pore air pressure begins to appear,reducing the infiltration rate of the high bench dump.Further,the downward movement speed of the wetting front becomes slower,the pore water pressure rises slowly,and the influence of the heavy rainfall delays the stability of the high bench dump.In the middle of rainfall infiltration,the pore air pressure remains constant,the delay effect varies,and the penetration depth increases.In the late stage of rainfall infiltration,when the wetting front moves down to the critical plane of the layering,the pore air pressure balance is destroyed,continuing to increase to a new constant value,which increases the impact on the high bench dump.When the traditional method of wetting front and considering the pore air pressure of wetting front move down to the same depth,the safety factor of the high bench dump under the action of pore air pressure is obviously reduced.The research results provide a theoretical basis for long-term safe operation and disaster monitoring and early warning of high bench dump under heavy rainfall conditions. KEY WORDS high bench dump;heavy rainfall;wetting front;pore air(water)pressure;slope stability 强降雨会使得排土场土体含水率增大、基质吸 用室内试验得出土体气压力是表面积水深度与湿 力降低,同时强降雨入渗还会使土体非饱和带内 润锋共同作用的结果,并拟合出了入渗稳定后气 孔隙中的气体被压缩,造成气压不断增大,不但会 压的形式与变化过程;Wang等2四通过试验提出了 降低雨水的入渗速率,而且增加了排土场边坡的 土体内气压的变化形式,其认为在水流入渗时,土 冲刷度,致使排土场发生滑坡、失稳等地质灾害 体内气压上升到上临界值时,气体会突破上层土 目前,国内外学者针对强降雨对边坡稳定性 体,当压力下降到下临界值时气体会再次被封闭: 影响的研究已经取得了一定的成果-0,但大部分 在Wang等的基础上韩同春等2简化了考虑气压 稳定分析模型在分析降雨入渗对边坡稳定性的影 的入渗模型,得出孔隙气压力在大面积强降雨下 响时并未考虑过孔隙气压的存在.Morel-Seytouxlo 对滑坡具有显著的延时性;Ram等]等建立了某 最先提出一种理论:雨水入渗导致封闭的气体压 边坡的三维渗流数值模型,并考虑了其在降雨条 力会持续增加,之后气体会一直做压缩与排出的 件下孔隙气压的运动规律,其结果表明孔隙气压 重复过程:Grismer等山、Weir等I、Latifi等l和 延缓了滑坡的时间;王继成等2和Zhang等研 Hammecker等l,在许多试验中验证了该理论的正 究了气压对边坡稳定的影响,王继成等针对大面 确性,并得出降雨入渗压缩了湿润锋下部的气体, 积浅层风化土边坡,通过摩尔库伦准则与极限平 且双层土的孔隙气压会比均质土更加显著到,为 衡法建立了考虑气压力影响下的稳定分析模型, 了分析在渗流过程中土体孔隙内的气压力变化规 得出了孔隙气压显著降低了土体边坡的安全系 律,孙冬梅等刃基于水-气二相流理论将非饱和 数;Zhang等通过研究孔隙气压对土边坡稳定性的 带中的孔隙气和水建立了数学模型,可以更准确 影响,得出在稳定渗流情况下土体中的孔隙气压 的模拟水、气的流动规律,为研究孔隙气压力对雨 对边坡稳定性的影响可以被忽视,而在降雨情况 水入渗的影响提供了依据,并通过该模型研究了 下,非饱和区产生的孔隙气压将降低土边坡的安 均质土层的降雨入渗过程,得到了孔隙水压、孔隙 全系数,且滑动面与地下水位间的距离越大,孔隙 气压、毛细压力和含水量的变化过程,根据地表孔 气压对边坡稳定性的影响越大;何健通过数值 隙气压与入渗率的相关性验证了孔隙气压的增大 模拟验证了气压力的存在对边坡稳定有一定的影 会阻碍雨水的入渗,且基质吸力会使相同滑动面 响,但模型并未与实际工程相结合.然而导致高台 上的稳定性系数增加:李援农和其他学者820采 阶排土场在强降雨作用下破坏失稳的影响因素复苣 Corresponding author, E-mail: wangguangjin2005@163.com ABSTRACT Under heavy rainfall, the pore air pressure in the unsaturated zone of a dump hinders rainwater infiltration in loose soil, which further affects the safety and stability of the dump. However, traditional analysis methods often regard pore air pressure as atmospheric pressure and ignore its impact on dump safety. Relying on the high bench dump project of a copper mine in Jiangxi, basing on the field test and survey results and combing with the horizontal slice of a typical dump profile, the seepage law and safety stability of a high bench dump with traditional methods while considering the pore air pressure were analyzed. Moreover, the influence of pore air pressure on a wet front, pore water pressure, and slope safety factors of high bench dump under heavy rainfall conditions were discussed. The research results show that pore air pressure at the initial stage of rainfall infiltration is not significant, and pore air pressure does not have a direct impact on the stability of the high bench dump. However, as the rainfall continues, the effect of the pore air pressure begins to appear, reducing the infiltration rate of the high bench dump. Further, the downward movement speed of the wetting front becomes slower, the pore water pressure rises slowly, and the influence of the heavy rainfall delays the stability of the high bench dump. In the middle of rainfall infiltration, the pore air pressure remains constant, the delay effect varies, and the penetration depth increases. In the late stage of rainfall infiltration, when the wetting front moves down to the critical plane of the layering, the pore air pressure balance is destroyed, continuing to increase to a new constant value, which increases the impact on the high bench dump. When the traditional method of wetting front and considering the pore air pressure of wetting front move down to the same depth, the safety factor of the high bench dump under the action of pore air pressure is obviously reduced. The research results provide a theoretical basis for long-term safe operation and disaster monitoring and early warning of high bench dump under heavy rainfall conditions. KEY WORDS high bench dump;heavy rainfall;wetting front;pore air (water) pressure;slope stability 强降雨会使得排土场土体含水率增大、基质吸 力降低,同时强降雨入渗还会使土体非饱和带内 孔隙中的气体被压缩,造成气压不断增大,不但会 降低雨水的入渗速率,而且增加了排土场边坡的 冲刷度,致使排土场发生滑坡、失稳等地质灾害. 目前,国内外学者针对强降雨对边坡稳定性 影响的研究已经取得了一定的成果[1–10] ,但大部分 稳定分析模型在分析降雨入渗对边坡稳定性的影 响时并未考虑过孔隙气压的存在. Morel-Seytoux[10] 最先提出一种理论:雨水入渗导致封闭的气体压 力会持续增加,之后气体会一直做压缩与排出的 重复过程;Grismer 等[11]、Weir 等[12]、Latifi 等[13] 和 Hammecker 等[14] 在许多试验中验证了该理论的正 确性,并得出降雨入渗压缩了湿润锋下部的气体, 且双层土的孔隙气压会比均质土更加显著[13] ;为 了分析在渗流过程中土体孔隙内的气压力变化规 律,孙冬梅等[15–17] 基于水–气二相流理论将非饱和 带中的孔隙气和水建立了数学模型,可以更准确 的模拟水、气的流动规律,为研究孔隙气压力对雨 水入渗的影响提供了依据,并通过该模型研究了 均质土层的降雨入渗过程,得到了孔隙水压、孔隙 气压、毛细压力和含水量的变化过程,根据地表孔 隙气压与入渗率的相关性验证了孔隙气压的增大 会阻碍雨水的入渗,且基质吸力会使相同滑动面 上的稳定性系数增加;李援农和其他学者[18– 20] 采 用室内试验得出土体气压力是表面积水深度与湿 润锋共同作用的结果,并拟合出了入渗稳定后气 压的形式与变化过程;Wang 等[21] 通过试验提出了 土体内气压的变化形式,其认为在水流入渗时,土 体内气压上升到上临界值时,气体会突破上层土 体,当压力下降到下临界值时气体会再次被封闭; 在 Wang 等的基础上韩同春等[22] 简化了考虑气压 的入渗模型,得出孔隙气压力在大面积强降雨下 对滑坡具有显著的延时性;Ram 等[23] 等建立了某 边坡的三维渗流数值模型,并考虑了其在降雨条 件下孔隙气压的运动规律,其结果表明孔隙气压 延缓了滑坡的时间;王继成等[24] 和 Zhang 等[25] 研 究了气压对边坡稳定的影响,王继成等针对大面 积浅层风化土边坡,通过摩尔库伦准则与极限平 衡法建立了考虑气压力影响下的稳定分析模型, 得出了孔隙气压显著降低了土体边坡的安全系 数;Zhang 等通过研究孔隙气压对土边坡稳定性的 影响,得出在稳定渗流情况下土体中的孔隙气压 对边坡稳定性的影响可以被忽视,而在降雨情况 下,非饱和区产生的孔隙气压将降低土边坡的安 全系数,且滑动面与地下水位间的距离越大,孔隙 气压对边坡稳定性的影响越大;何健[26] 通过数值 模拟验证了气压力的存在对边坡稳定有一定的影 响,但模型并未与实际工程相结合. 然而导致高台 阶排土场在强降雨作用下破坏失稳的影响因素复 · 366 · 工程科学学报,第 43 卷,第 3 期