Japanese encephalitis virus Mosquito-borne, incubation period of 5 to 15 days, but only 1 in 25 0 infections develop into encephalitis Signs which develop during the acute encephalitic stage include neck rigidity, cachexia, hemiparesis, convulsions and a raised bod temperature between 38 and 41 degrees Celsius Generally much higher in children. Transplacental spread has been n oted. Lifelong neurological defects such as deafness, emotional abi lity and hemiparesismay occur in those who have had central nervous system involvement Increased microglial (immune cells of the CNS) activation follows J kin-infection, Activated microglia secrete cytokines, such as interleu 1(IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (tNF-a), which can cause toxic ef fects in he brain, as well as neurotoxins, excitatory neurotransmitters prostaglandin, reactive oxygen, and nitrogen species In a nonregenerating organ such as brain, a dysregulated innate imm une response would be deleteriousJapanese Encephalitis Virus Mosquito-borne, incubation period of 5 to 15 days, but only 1 in 25 0 infections develop into encephalitis Signs which develop during the acute encephalitic stage include neck rigidity, cachexia, hemiparesis, convulsions and a raised bod y temperature between 38 and 41 degrees Celsius Generally much higher in children. Transplacental spread has been n oted. Lifelong neurological defects such as deafness, emotional abi lity and hemiparesismay occur in those who have had central nervous system involvement Increased microglial (immune cells of the CNS) activation follows J EV infection, Activated microglia secrete cytokines, such as interleu kin-1(IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), which can cause toxic ef fects in the brain, as well as neurotoxins, excitatory neurotransmitters, prostaglandin, reactive oxygen, and nitrogen species In a nonregenerating organ such as brain, a dysregulated innate imm une response would be deleterious. • • • • •