Outlines requirements and time allocation Disadvantages :装nthy m Small parts(5,7.5,and 1 MHz) Intraoperative probes to small orifices(imaging the brain via bur Special transducers Higher-frequenylnear array probes (7.5-10 MHz)are generally used for small structures uctures in an infant) ast,testes,or structures in an infant) sually at a depth of Endoultrasound Transducer Transvaginal transducer Standard ultrasound ystem are modified so they can be used in a sterile fashion in the Transrectal transducer-special transducer that is introduced into the rectum to evaluate the rectum Display Modes ghtne Doppler Spectra Doppler ntinuous Doppler (CW) Pulsed PW) Color Doppler FlowmainCDFT) Power Dopple5 Outlines, requirements and time allocation Disadvantages ⚫ Larger transducer face than sector , may not fit in acoustic window ⚫ May get artifacts along sides of image due to poor contact ⚫ Near field is still more limited than linear array , but not by much , so it is becoming the most popular transducer design Special transducers Special transducers have been produced to help view specific areas ⚫ Small parts (5, 7.5, and 10 MHz) ⚫ Rectal transducer ⚫ Biopsy transducer ⚫ Intraoperative probes for access to small orifices( e.g,. imaging the brain via burr holes) or for imaging flat organs( e.g., linear arrays for the liver) ⚫ Endoluminal transducers for accessing vessels , ureter , and the common bile duct Special transducers Biopsy transducer Biopsy under guide of ultrasound Higher-frequency linear array probes (7.5-10 MHz) are generally used for small structures Small part transducer are designed for visualizing the fine detail of superficial structures , usually at a depth of less than 4 cm from the skin surface( e.g., thyroid , carotid arteries breast, testes, or structures in an infant) Small part transducer are designed for visualizing the fine detail of superficial structures , usually at a depth of less than 4 cm from the skin surface( e.g., thyroid , carotid arteries breast, testes, or structures in an infant) Small part transducer are designed for visualizing the fine detail of superficial structures , usually at a depth of less than 4 cm from the skin surface( e.g., thyroid , carotid arteries breast, testes, or structures in an infant) Small part transducer are designed for visualizing the fine detail of superficial structures , usually at a depth of less than 4 cm from the skin surface( e.g., thyroid , carotid arteries breast, testes, or structures in an infant) Endoultrasound Transducer The transducer is placed on the end of rod. This rod is inserted into the rectum, vagina, or esophagus. Even smaller transducers on the end of catheters can be introduced into vessels, the biliary duct ,or the ureter ( transluminal transducers) Transesophageal Echocardiography, TEE Intravascular Ultrasound, IVUS Transvaginal transducer Transvaginal (endovaginal )transducer—a high-frequency probe (10MHz) that is inserted into the vagina to image the uterus, ovaries, and adnexal area. Standard ultrasound system are modified so they can be used in a sterile fashion in the operative room. Special ultrasound probes are used for this purpose. Intraoperative Ultrasonograhy Transrectal transducer-special transducer that is introduced into the rectum to evaluate the prostate, bladder, and rectum Special transducers Display Modes ⚫ A-Mode (Amplitude Modulation). ⚫ B-Mode( Brightness Modulation). ⚫ Doppler Spectral Doppler : Continuous Doppler (CW) Pulsed Doppler (PW) Color Doppler Flow Imaging(CDFI) Power Doppler 15’ 15’