Industrial Crops and Products 71(2015)205-213 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Industrial Crops and Products ELSEVIER journal homepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/indcrop Oregano and lavender essential oils as antioxidant and antimicrobial CrossMark additives of biogenic gelatin films J.F.Martuccia.*,L.B.Gendeb,L.M.Neira,R.A.Ruseckaitea Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnologia de Materiales(INTEMA).Av.Juan B.Justo 4302.7600 Mar del Plata,Buenos Aires,Argentina bResearch Center in Social Bees(Arthropods Laboratory).CONICET-Natural and Exact Sciences Faculty,Mar del Plata University.Funes 3350.7600 Mar del Plata,Buenos Aires,Argentina ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from fully-formed,dried Received 4 November 2014 oregano leaves (Origanum vulgareOriganum vulgare)and lavender leaves and flowers (Lavandula offic- Received in revised form 24 March 2015 inalis)were analyzed by GC/MS.The effectiveness of oregano (OEO)and lavender (LEO)essential Accepted 26 March 2015 oils and a mixture LEO:OEO (50:50)in inhibiting Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus growth were determined.Both essential oils inhibited the growth of the microorganisms tested,being more Keywords: Active films sensitive to gram-positive bacteria.OEO yielded the lowest values of minimum inhibitory con- Essential oils centration(MICoEo=1600-1800ppm vs.MICLEo=2000 ppm against E.coli:MICoEo=800-900ppm vs. Gelatin MICLEo =1000-1200 ppm against S.aureus),due to the higher content of phenolic compound,which also Antimicrobial provides antioxidant capacity(IC50oEo=297+89 ppm vs.IC50LEo *6000 ppm).Mixture results indicated Antioxidant an antagonist antimicrobial effect between OEO and LEO.Gelatin-based films added with OEO or LEO. were prepared by casting(2000-6000 ppm).Mechanical,optical and water vapor barrier properties were determined to observe film functionality.OEO effect on the functional properties of gelatin films was not significant.LEO,in the highest concentration analyzed,promotes a slight change in water vapor perme- ability of Ge-based films(1.46 x 10-13 to 6.8 x 10-14 Kg.m/Pa.s.m2).due to its high hydrophobic nature. Oregano containing gelatin films exhibited the highest antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. 2015 Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved. 1.Introduction well as materials intended for food packaging applications(Gomez- Guillen et al.,2007;Martucci and Ruseckaite,2009;Ahmad et al. The main driving force for the growth of worldwide food indus- 2012:Martucci et al.,2012:Teixeira et al.,2014).Biodegradabil- try is the scope and range of food preservation and shelf life ity.excellent biocompatibility.plasticity.adhesiveness.abundance, extension technology(Sadaka et al..2013).Active packaging is gain- and low cost are the main reasons for the wide range of applications ing increasing attention from researchers and the industry due to of this biopolymer. its potential to provide quality and safety benefits.Active packaging The consumer's desire for natural ingredients and for chemi- is a type of packaging that changes its conditions as a way to extend cal preservative-free foods has increased the popularity of natural life or enhance safety or sensory properties while maintaining food antimicrobial agents (Sadaka et al..2013).In this framework. quality (Vermeiren et al.,1999).In view of the health concerns the addition of essential oils to biopolymer films as natural bac- expressed by consumers and current environmental problems, teriostatics could be an interesting election.Essential oils have research is now focusing on the development of sustainable pack- well-recognized properties,such as antimicrobial (Kulevanova and aging materials based on annually renewable natural biopolymers Panovska,2001:Gende et al.,2010,b:Teixeira et al.,2013a,b). such as polysaccharides and proteins (Gomez-Estaca et al.,2010) antibacterial (Canillac and Mourey,2001:Min and Oh,2009,b: As a multifunctional protein,gelatin is an heteropolymer derived Teixeira et al..2013a,b)and antioxidant properties(Burt,2004: from collagen.Gelatin-based systems are applied in numerous Kacaniova et al.,2012:Danh et al.,2012.b:Teixeira et al.,2013a,b). fields,including food,pharmaceuticals,photographic industry.as These properties can be attributed to the high content of terpenic compounds(o-pinene,B-pinene,1,8-cineol,menthol,linalool)or phenolic compounds such as carvacrol,eugenol and thymol (Burt, 2004).It is common knowledge that essential oils are characterized Corresponding author.Tel.:+542234816600x249 by changes in their chemical composition,depending on the state of E-mail address:jmartucci@fi.mdp.edu.ar (J.F.Martucci). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.03.079 0926-6690/2015 Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.Industrial Crops and Products 71 (2015) 205–213 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Industrial Crops and Products j ou rnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/indcrop Oregano and lavender essential oils as antioxidant and antimicrobial additives of biogenic gelatin films J.F. Martucci a,∗, L.B. Gende b, L.M. Neiraa, R.A. Ruseckaitea a Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA), Av. Juan B. Justo 4302, 7600 Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina b Research Center in Social Bees (Arthropods Laboratory). CONICET- Natural and Exact Sciences Faculty, Mar del Plata University, Funes 3350, 7600 Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 4 November 2014 Received in revised form 24 March 2015 Accepted 26 March 2015 Keywords: Active films Essential oils Gelatin Antimicrobial Antioxidant a b s t r a c t The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from fully-formed, dried oregano leaves (Origanum vulgareOriganum vulgare) and lavender leaves and flowers (Lavandula offic￾inalis) were analyzed by GC/MS. The effectiveness of oregano (OEO) and lavender (LEO) essential oils and a mixture LEO:OEO (50:50) in inhibiting Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus growth were determined. Both essential oils inhibited the growth of the microorganisms tested, being more sensitive to gram-positive bacteria. OEO yielded the lowest values of minimum inhibitory con￾centration (MICOEO = 1600–1800 ppm vs. MICLEO = 2000 ppm against E. coli; MICOEO = 800–900 ppm vs. MICLEO = 1000–1200 ppm against S. aureus), due to the higher content of phenolic compound, which also provides antioxidant capacity (IC50OEO = 297 ± 89 ppm vs. IC50LEO » 6000 ppm). Mixture results indicated an antagonist antimicrobial effect between OEO and LEO. Gelatin-based films added with OEO or LEO, were prepared by casting (2000–6000 ppm). Mechanical, optical and water vapor barrier properties were determined to observe film functionality. OEO effect on the functional properties of gelatin films was not significant. LEO, in the highest concentration analyzed, promotes a slight change in water vapor perme￾ability of Ge-based films (1.46 × 10−13 to 6.8 × 10−14 Kg.m/Pa.s.m2), due to its high hydrophobic nature. Oregano containing gelatin films exhibited the highest antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction The main driving force for the growth of worldwide food indus￾try is the scope and range of food preservation and shelf life extensiontechnology (Sadaka et al., 2013).Active packaging is gain￾ing increasing attention from researchers and the industry due to its potentialto provide quality and safety benefits.Active packaging is a type of packaging that changes its conditions as a way to extend life or enhance safety or sensory properties while maintaining food quality (Vermeiren et al., 1999). In view of the health concerns expressed by consumers and current environmental problems, research is now focusing on the development of sustainable pack￾aging materials based on annually renewable natural biopolymers such as polysaccharides and proteins (Gomez-Estaca et al., 2010). As a multifunctional protein, gelatin is an heteropolymer derived from collagen. Gelatin-based systems are applied in numerous fields, including food, pharmaceuticals, photographic industry, as ∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +542234816600x249. E-mail address: jmartucci@fi.mdp.edu.ar (J.F. Martucci). well as materials intended for food packaging applications (Gómez￾Guillén et al., 2007; Martucci and Ruseckaite, 2009; Ahmad et al., 2012; Martucci et al., 2012; Teixeira et al., 2014). Biodegradabil￾ity, excellent biocompatibility, plasticity, adhesiveness, abundance, and low cost are the main reasons for the wide range of applications of this biopolymer. The consumer’s desire for natural ingredients and for chemi￾cal preservative-free foods has increased the popularity of natural antimicrobial agents (Sadaka et al., 2013). In this framework, the addition of essential oils to biopolymer films as natural bac￾teriostatics could be an interesting election. Essential oils have well-recognized properties, such as antimicrobial (Kulevanova and Panovska, 2001; Gende et al., 2010,b; Teixeira et al., 2013a,b), antibacterial (Canillac and Mourey, 2001; Min and Oh, 2009,b; Teixeira et al., 2013a,b) and antioxidant properties (Burt, 2004; Kacániová ˇ et al., 2012; Danh et al., 2012,b; Teixeira et al., 2013a,b). These properties can be attributed to the high content of terpenic compounds (-pinene, -pinene, 1,8-cineol, menthol, linalool) or phenolic compounds such as carvacrol, eugenol and thymol (Burt, 2004). Itis common knowledge that essential oils are characterized by changes in their chemical composition, depending on the state of http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.03.079 0926-6690/© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.