TAKING THE complexities of conteat unto account during the dedign and ude of m-commerce applications id a challenging task but one that must be undertaken deriouoly to achieve long-term duccedd as libraries. Sound can also be used for output, tak- acteristics that are relevant will benefit from ing the place of text or graphics. Holland and Morse increased functionality and usability. c [4] investigated an audio interface for a navigation system that leaves a user's eyes and hands free for REFERENCES other purposes. The application used tones pro 1. Abowd, G.D. and Mynatt, E.D. Charting past, present, and future jected through headphones at locations relative to Human Interaction 7. 1(Mar2000),29-58 the user(left, right, forward)to indicate direction. 2. Chen, G. and Kotz, D. A Survey of Context-Aduare Mobile Computing Security of mobile commerce applications can be Research. Dartmouth Computer Science Tech. Rep. TR2000-381 of Com increased through the use of biometrics. Future 3. Ghosh, A K and Swaminatha, T.M. Softw wireless devices may include thumbprint identifica risks in mobile e-commerce Comm. ACM 44, 2(Feb. 2001), 51-5 tion or smart cards for user authentication. Safety 4. Holland, S. and Morse, D.R. Audio GPS: Spatial audio in a minimal attention interface. In Proceedings of Mobile HCl 2001: Third Intend- concerns can hopef efully be resolved through the tional Workshop on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices, ommon sen nse of users and designers, but legislation 5. Pascoe, ] Ryan, N. and Morse, D. Using while moving: HCI issue may be needed to enforce the safe use of m-com- fieldwork environments. ACM Transactions on Human-Computer merce devices and applications. Several states already teraction, 3(Sept. 2000),417-437. have laws regulating cell phone use in vehicles. Like 6. Pascoe,J, Ryan, N, and Morse, D. Issues in de omputing. In Proceedings of the First International Symposium on appropriate use of m-commerce applications Handheld and Ubiquitous Computing(HUC 99),H.W.Gellersen,Ed be dictated through laws and societal norms. 7. Schin a' /om santa Cruz, CA, Dec 1994), IEEE Computing Soci- Technology(cell phone jammers, for example) can cations In Procedings of the Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems also be used to enforce what is considered appropri- ate behavior 8. Schmidt, A, Beigl, M, and Gellersen, H -W. There is more to context than location. Computers and Graphics 23, 6(Dec. 1999), 893-901 Implications for 9. Tarasewich, P. Evaluation of thumbwheel text entry methods In Pro- Taking the complexities of context into account dur. 10. Tarasewich, pmapuwfireless devices for mobile commerce: User interface M-Commerce Design lesign and usability In B.E. Mennecke and T ]. Strader, Eds, Mobi ing the design and use of m-commerce applications Commerce T paolo Theory, and Applicatiom. Idea Group Publish- is ke n naerionugsing ac cve lone team musee peser the sues in mobile erom erce dowamken ins 4. 2002).0413-6i4n of guidelines and usability methods that work with wired systems do not necessarily work with mobile PETER TARASEWICH (tarase @ccs. neu. edu)is an assistant systems. Systems must function well even as environ- professor in the College of Computer and Information Science a mental conditions, circumstances, and user priorities how they interact with their surroundings. Realisti- profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on cally, all context characteristics presented in our the first page. To copy otherwise, io republish, te post on servers or to redistribute to merce application or its user at a given time. But applications that do account for those context char- o2003 AC 60 December 2003/Vol 46, No 12 COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACMas libraries. Sound can also be used for output, tak￾ing the place of text or graphics. Holland and Morse [4] investigated an audio interface for a navigation system that leaves a user’s eyes and hands free for other purposes. The application used tones pro￾jected through headphones at locations relative to the user (left, right, forward) to indicate direction. Security of mobile commerce applications can be increased through the use of biometrics. Future wireless devices may include thumbprint identifica￾tion or smart cards for user authentication. Safety concerns can hopefully be resolved through the common sense of users and designers, but legislation may be needed to enforce the safe use of m-com￾merce devices and applications. Several states already have laws regulating cell phone use in vehicles. Like￾wise, appropriate use of m-commerce applications will be dictated through laws and societal norms. Technology (cell phone jammers, for example) can also be used to enforce what is considered appropri￾ate behavior. Implications for M-Commerce Design Taking the complexities of context into account dur￾ing the design and use of m-commerce applications is a challenging task, but one that must be under￾taken seriously to achieve long-term success. Design guidelines and usability methods that work with wired systems do not necessarily work with mobile systems. Systems must function well even as environ￾mental conditions, circumstances, and user priorities change. Developers need to understand people and how they interact with their surroundings. Realisti￾cally, all context characteristics presented in our model are not relevant (or important) to an m-com￾merce application or its user at a given time. But applications that do account for those context char￾acteristics that are relevant will benefit from increased functionality and usability. References 1. Abowd, G.D. and Mynatt, E.D. Charting past, present, and future research in ubiquitous computing. ACM Transactions on Computer￾Human Interaction 7, 1 (Mar. 2000), 29–58. 2. Chen, G. and Kotz, D. A Survey of Context-Aware Mobile Computing Research. Dartmouth Computer Science Tech. Rep. TR2000-381, Department of Computer Science, Dartmouth College, 2000. 3. Ghosh, A.K. and Swaminatha, T.M. Software security and privacy risks in mobile e-commerce. Comm. ACM 44, 2 (Feb. 2001), 51–57. 4. Holland, S. and Morse, D.R. Audio GPS: Spatial audio in a minimal attention interface. In Proceedings of Mobile HCI 2001: Third Interna￾tional Workshop on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices, M.D. Dunlop and S.A. Brewster, Eds., 2001. 5. Pascoe, J., Ryan, N., and Morse, D. Using while moving: HCI issues in fieldwork environments. ACM Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction 7, 3 (Sept. 2000), 417–437. 6. Pascoe, J., Ryan, N., and Morse, D. Issues in developing context-aware computing. In Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Handheld and Ubiquitous Computing (HUC ’99), H.-W. Gellersen, Ed. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1999, 208–221. 7. Schilit, B., Adams, N., and Want, R. Context-aware computing appli￾cations. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications (Santa Cruz, CA, Dec. 1994), IEEE Computing Soci￾ety, 85–90. 8. Schmidt, A., Beigl, M., and Gellersen, H.-W. There is more to context than location. Computers and Graphics 23, 6 (Dec. 1999), 893–901. 9. Tarasewich, P. Evaluation of thumbwheel text entry methods. In Pro￾ceedings of Computer-Human Interaction Conference (CHI 2003). 10. Tarasewich, P. Wireless devices for mobile commerce: User interface design and usability. In B.E. Mennecke and T.J. Strader, Eds., Mobile Commerce: Technology, Theory, and Applications. Idea Group Publish￾ing, Hershey, PA, 2002. 11. Tarasewich, P., Nickerson, R., and Warkentin, M. An examination of the issues in mobile e-commerce. Commun. AIS 8, (2002), 41–64. Peter Tarasewich (tarase@ccs.neu.edu) is an assistant professor in the College of Computer and Information Science at Northeastern University in Boston, MA. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or class￾room use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. © 2003 ACM 0002-0782/03/1200 $5.00 c 60 December 2003/Vol. 46, No. 12 COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM TAKING THE complexities of context into account during the design and use of m-commerce applications is a challenging task, but one that must be undertaken seriously to achieve long-term success