490 Organization of the 0 Animal body Concept outline 49.1 The bodies of vertebrates are organized into Do. M Organization of the Body. Cells are organized into tissues, and tissues are organized into organs. Several organs can cooperate to form organ systems 49.2 Epithelial tissue forms membranes and glands Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue. Epithelial membranes cover all body surfaces, and thus can serve for protection or for transport of materials. Glands are also epithelial tissue. Epithelial membranes may be composed of one layer or many 49.3 Connective tissues contain abundant extracellular mate Connective Tissue Proper. Connective tissues have abundant extracellular material In connective tissue proper, this material consists of protein fibers within an amorphous ground substance FIGURE 49.1 Special Connective Tissues. These tissues include Bone. Like most of the tissues in the vertebrate body, bone is a cartilage,bone, and blood, each with their own unique form dynamic structure constantly renewing itself. of extracellular material 49.4 Muscle tissue provides for movement, and nerve tissue provides for control. Then most people think of animals, they think of their Muscle Tissue. Muscle tissue contains the filaments D③d也m由hem actin and myosin, which enable the muscles to contrac When they think about the diversity of animals, they may There are three types of muscle: smooth, cardiac, ane think of the differences between the predatory lions and skeletal tigers and the herbivorous deer and antelope, between a fe- Nerve Tissue. Nerve cells, or neurons, have specialized ocious-looking shark and a playful dolphin. Despite the regions that produce and conduct electrical impulses Neuroglia cells support neurons but do not conduct differences among these animals, they are all vertebrates All vertebrates share the same basic body plan, with the same sorts of organs operating in much the same way. In this chapter, we will begin a detailed consideration of the biology of vertebrates and of the fascinating structure and function of their bodies(figure 49.1)983 49 Organization of the Animal Body Concept Outline 49.1 The bodies of vertebrates are organized into functional systems. Organization of the Body. Cells are organized into tissues, and tissues are organized into organs. Several organs can cooperate to form organ systems. 49.2 Epithelial tissue forms membranes and glands. Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue. Epithelial membranes cover all body surfaces, and thus can serve for protection or for transport of materials. Glands are also epithelial tissue. Epithelial membranes may be composed of one layer or many. 49.3 Connective tissues contain abundant extracellular material. Connective Tissue Proper. Connective tissues have abundant extracellular material. In connective tissue proper, this material consists of protein fibers within an amorphous ground substance. Special Connective Tissues. These tissues include cartilage, bone, and blood, each with their own unique form of extracellular material. 49.4 Muscle tissue provides for movement, and nerve tissue provides for control. Muscle Tissue. Muscle tissue contains the filaments actin and myosin, which enable the muscles to contract. There are three types of muscle: smooth, cardiac, and skeletal. Nerve Tissue. Nerve cells, or neurons, have specialized regions that produce and conduct electrical impulses. Neuroglia cells support neurons but do not conduct electrical impulses. When most people think of animals, they think of their pet dogs and cats and the animals that they’ve seen in a zoo, on a farm, in an aquarium, or out in the wild. When they think about the diversity of animals, they may think of the differences between the predatory lions and tigers and the herbivorous deer and antelope, between a fe￾rocious-looking shark and a playful dolphin. Despite the differences among these animals, they are all vertebrates. All vertebrates share the same basic body plan, with the same sorts of organs operating in much the same way. In this chapter, we will begin a detailed consideration of the biology of vertebrates and of the fascinating structure and function of their bodies (figure 49.1). FIGURE 49.1 Bone. Like most of the tissues in the vertebrate body, bone is a dynamic structure, constantly renewing itself