The same procedure was applied when the back of the tongue was raised from the bi position while the lips changed progressively from a wide open shape to a closely rounded one. another three auditory equi-distant points were thus established from the lowest to the highest position and they were given the symbols [C,o, u The first five of these vowels are pronounced with he lips unrounded, and the remaining three are pronounced with the lips rounded. These eight vowels are called primary cardinal vowels• The same procedure was applied when the back of the tongue was raised from the [B] position while the lips changed progressively from a wide open shape to a closely rounded one. Another three auditory equi-distant points were thus established from the lowest to the highest position and they were given the symbols [C, o, u]. • The first five of these vowels are pronounced with the lips unrounded, and the remaining three are pronounced with the lips rounded. These eight vowels are called primary cardinal vowels