TABLE 56.1 Physical and Chemical Transduction Principles Secondary Signal Primary Signal Thermal Electrical Magnetic Radiant Chemical Mechanical(Fluid) mechanical and Friction effects(e.g-, Magneto-mechanical Photoelastic systems acoustic effects(e.g-, friction calorimeter) effects(e.g, Pi diaphragm, gravity Cooling effects(e.g Resistive, capacitive, and magnetic effect birefringence) balance, echo sounder) thermal flow meters) inductive effects terferometers Sagnac effect Doppler effect Thermal Thermal expansion Seebeck effect Thermooptical effects Reaction activation (bimetal strip, liquid-in-glass Thermoresistance (e.g, in liquid crystals) (e.g. thermal and gas thermometers, Pyroelectricity Radiant emission resonant frequency Thermal (ohnson) Radiometer effect Electrical Electrokinetic and electro- (resistive) Charge collectors Biot- Savart's law Electrooptical effects Electrolysis mechanical effects(e.g probe (e.g,Kerr piezoelectricity, electro- effect Pockels effect meter, Amperes law) Electroluminescence Magnetic magnetomechanical effects Thermomagnetic effects Thermomagnetic effects Magnetooptical effects (eg-, magnetostriction (e.g, Righi-Leduc effect) (e. (e. g, Faraday effect) Nernst effect Cotton. Mouton effect (e.g, Ettingshausen Galvanomagnetic effec (e.g-, Hall effect, magnetoresistance Radiant Radiation pressure Bolometer thermopile hotoelectric effects (e.g, photovoltaic effect, h photoconductive effect) Hygrometer Calorimeter Nuclear magnetic (Emission and Electrodeposition cell Thermal col Conductimetry resonance absorption)spectroscopy amperometry Flame ionization Volta effect Source: T. Grandke and J. Hesse, Introduction, Vol. 1: Fundamentals and General Aspects, Sensors: A Comprehensive Survey w. Gopel, J. Hesse, and J. H. Zemel, Eds, Weinheim, Ger VCH, 1989. with permission. c2000 by CRC Press LLC© 2000 by CRC Press LLC TABLE 56.1 Physical and Chemical Transduction Principles Secondary Signal Primary Signal Mechanical Thermal Electrical Magnetic Radiant Chemical Mechanical (Fluid) mechanical and Friction effects (e.g., Piezoelectricity Magneto-mechanical Photoelastic systems acoustic effects (e.g., friction calorimeter) Piezoresistivity effects (e.g., piezo- (stress-induced diaphragm, gravity Cooling effects (e.g., Resistive, capacitive, and magnetic effect) birefringence) balance, echo sounder) thermal flow meters) inductive effects Interferometers Sagnac effect Doppler effect Thermal Thermal expansion (bimetal strip, liquid-in-glass and gas thermometers, resonant frequency) Seebeck effect Thermooptical effects Reaction activation Thermoresistance (e.g., in liquid crystals) (e.g., thermal Pyroelectricity Radiant emission dissociation) Thermal (Johnson) noise Radiometer effect (light mill) Electrical Electrokinetic and electro- Joule (resistive) Charge collectors Biot-Savart’s law Electrooptical effects Electrolysis mechanical effects (e.g., heating Langmuir probe (e.g., Kerr effect) Electromigration piezoelectricity, electro- Peltier effect Pockel’s effect meter, Ampere’s law) Electroluminescence Magnetic Magnetomechanical effects Thermomagnetic effects Thermomagnetic effects Magnetooptical effects (e.g., magnetorestriction, (e.g., Righi-Leduc effect) (e.g., Ettingshausen- (e.g., Faraday effect) magnetometer) Galvanomagnetic effects Nernst effect) Cotton-Mouton effect (e.g., Ettingshausen Galvanomagnetic effects effect) (e.g., Hall effect, magnetoresistance) Radiant Radiation pressure Bolometer thermopile Photoelectric effects Photorefractive effects Photosynthesis, (e.g., photovoltaic effect, Optical bistability -dissociation photoconductive effect) Chemical Hygrometer Calorimeter Potentiometry Nuclear magnetic (Emission and Electrodeposition cell Thermal conductivity cell Conductimetry resonance absorption) spectroscopy Photoacoustic effect Amperometry Chemiluminiscence Flame ionization Volta effect Gas-sensitive field effect Source: T. Grandke and J. Hesse, Introduction, Vol. 1: Fundamentals and General Aspects, Sensors: A Comprehensive Survey, W. Gopel, J. Hesse, and J. H. Zemel, Eds., Weinheim, Germany: VCH, 1989. With permission