51. When a plant resists a pathogen, what stops the pathogen growing? 52. How do pathogens overcome plant disease resistance, and is it inevitable? 53. What are the molecular mechanisms for uptake and transport of nutrients? 54. Can we use non-host resistance to deliver more durable resistance in plants? Most important questions relating to the understanding and utilization of plant cells 55. How do plant cells maintain totipotency and how can we use this knowledge to improve tissue culture and regeneration? 56. How are growth and division of individual cells coordinated to form genetically programmed structures with specific shapes, sizes and compositions? 57. How do different genomes in the plant talk to one another to maintain the appropriate of organelles? 58. How and why did multicellularity evolve in plants? 59. How can we improve our understanding of programmed developmental gene regulation from a genome sequence? 60. How do plants integrate multiple environmental signals and respond? 61. How do plants store information on past environmental and developmental events? 62. To what extent do epigenetic changes affect heritable characteristics of plants? 63. Why are there millions of short RNas in plants and what do they do? 64. What is the array of plant protein structures? 65. How do plant cells detect their location in the organism and develop accordingly 66. How do plant cells restrict signaling and response to specific regions of the cell? 67. Is there a cell wall integrity surveillance system in plants? 68. How are plant cell walls assembled and how are their strength and composition determined? 69. Can we usefully implant new synthetic biological modules in plants? 70. To what extent can plant biology become predictive? 71. What is the molecular/biochemical basis of heterosis? 72. How do we achieve high-frequency targeted homologous recombination in plants? 73. What factors control the frequency and distribution of genetic crossovers during meiosis? 74. How can we use our knowledge about photosynthesis and its optimization to better harness the energy of the sun? 75. Can we improve algae to better capture co2and produce higher yields of oil or hydrogen for 76. How can we use our knowledge of carbon fixation at the biochemical, physiological and ecological levels to address the rising concentrations of atmospheric Co2? 77. What is the function of the phenomenal breadth of secondary metabolites? 78. How can we use plants as the chemical factories of the future? 9. How do we translate our knowledge of plant cell walls to produce food, fuel and fibre more efficiently and sustainably? Most important questions relating to plant diversity 80. How much do we know about plant diversity 81. How can we better exploit a more complete understanding of plant diversity?51. When a plant resists a pathogen, what stops the pathogen growing? 52. How do pathogens overcome plant disease resistance, and is it inevitable? 53. What are the molecular mechanisms for uptake and transport of nutrients? 54. Can we use non-host resistance to deliver more durable resistance in plants? Most important questions relating to the understanding and utilization of plant cells 55. How do plant cells maintain totipotency and how can we use this knowledge to improve tissue culture and regeneration? 56. How are growth and division of individual cells coordinated to form genetically programmed structures with specific shapes, sizes and compositions? 57. How do different genomes in the plant talk to one another to maintain the appropriate complement of organelles? 58. How and why did multicellularity evolve in plants? 59. How can we improve our understanding of programmed developmental gene regulation from a genome sequence? 60. How do plants integrate multiple environmental signals and respond? 61. How do plants store information on past environmental and developmental events? 62. To what extent do epigenetic changes affect heritable characteristics of plants? 63. Why are there millions of short RNAs in plants and what do they do? 64. What is the array of plant protein structures? 65. How do plant cells detect their location in the organism and develop accordingly? 66. How do plant cells restrict signaling and response to specific regions of the cell? 67. Is there a cell wall integrity surveillance system in plants? 68. How are plant cell walls assembled, and how are their strength and composition determined? 69. Can we usefully implant new synthetic biological modules in plants? 70. To what extent can plant biology become predictive? 71. What is the molecular/biochemical basis of heterosis? 72. How do we achieve high-frequency targeted homologous recombination in plants? 73. What factors control the frequency and distribution of genetic crossovers during meiosis? 74. How can we use our knowledge about photosynthesis and its optimization to better harness the energy of the sun? 75. Can we improve algae to better capture CO2and produce higher yields of oil or hydrogen for fuel? 76. How can we use our knowledge of carbon fixation at the biochemical, physiological and ecological levels to address the rising concentrations of atmospheric CO2? 77. What is the function of the phenomenal breadth of secondary metabolites? 78. How can we use plants as the chemical factories of the future? 79. How do we translate our knowledge of plant cell walls to produce food, fuel and fibre more efficiently and sustainably? Most important questions relating to plant diversity 80. How much do we know about plant diversity? 81. How can we better exploit a more complete understanding of plant diversity?